The Democrats and Republicans before the Civil War Essay

The Democrats and Republicans before the Civil War - Essay ExampleCongressman Preston stomach of South Carolina severely beat abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts with a cane after the latter made an impassioned speech about the deteriorating situation in the disputed state of Kansas, where hostilities had exploded around the issue of slavery (Bleeding Kansas).The Democratic Party platform (Cooper 3639), resolutely promoting the interests of the Southern slaveholders, was explicit in its calls for limited Federal government powers -- in effect placing more authority in the hands of individual states. A portion of the opening statement that state it would be inexpedient and dangerous for the Federal government to exercise doubtful constitutional powers left very little mystery regarding the remaining thrust of the document.Adopting a strict constructionist interpretation of the Constitution, the Democrats further posited that general powers were not granted to the ce ntral government in relation to commerce, to conduct improvements, or to assume debt for the individual states. in any case addressed were the national administrations right to disperse funds from public lands or to charter a national bank.All of the aforementioned matters had a direct bearing on the ultimate ability of the central government to exercise any overarching powers to control individual states, especially on the slavery question. A weak, non-invasive, decentralized government was exactly what Southern politicians passiond.While the Democratic platform gradually worked up to addressing the issue of slavery directly, the Republican Party immediately got to the sum of money of the matter (Cooper 3940). Right at the outset, their platform declared that Kansas should be admitted to the Union as a free state.Refuting the Democratic Partys desire for a weak Federal government, the Republicans declared that the Constitution conferred sovereign power to Congress over the

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 4

Law - Essay Examplel effect or used in the United Kingdom shall be recognised and available in law, and be enforced, allowed and followed accordingly and the expression enforceable Community right and similar expressions shall be read as referring to one to which this subsection applies.1Essentially, Section 2(1) ensures that in the event there is a conflict between EC law and UK law, the former prevails. In other words EC law confers upon Bill and Jim instanter enforceable laws within the UK.2 It was also held in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen that the EC represents a new legal order which binds all Member States. 3 To this end, there are three systems of law within the EC that determine Bill and Jims right to take action against the UK for personal injuries incurred as a result of their failure to implement Directive 2007/15/EC by the due date. The three systems of law are primary legislation which encompasses EC Treaties, utility(prenominal) legisla tion which are Directives and regulations and the third source of law is Decisions.4Bill and Jims guide for personal injuries will fall under the application of secondary injuries since the claim is directly related to a Directive issued by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. Directives require official enactment by Member States but they are nonetheless adhere on all Member States.5 In detail obligate 249 of the Treaty of Rome 1957 provides that Directives are binding on all Member States which it is addressed.6 Although the UK has a discretion as to how to implement the Directive on the phasing out of chalkboard, the Directive remains applicable under UK law once the date for implementation passes. The fact that the UKs safety regulations adequately deal with the main objectives of the Directive does not weaken the application of the Directive.7In Publico Ministero v Ratti 1979 ECR it was held that as a result of Article 189 (now article 249) of the

International Studies(History) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Studies(History) - Essay ExampleThe migration of technology and cultures can be represented by the Semites, Indo-Europeans, and Chinese. While at that place is mingling of cultures, agricultural advancement also takes place in isolation. Still, there is widespread and diverse opinion about the roots of the revolution and the spark that combust this great change. The fragmented historical record reveals that the Neolithic Revolution was propelled by the confluence of a number of positive feedback loops.Positive feedback loops in nature tell that a small change instigates another force, which magnifies the original change. It is often debated whether the population expansion dictated more agricultural deed, or if the increase in the availableness of food resulted in more people. Prior to the Neolithic period, man domesticated dogs, presumably for the purpose of hunting (McNeill, 1963, p.8). This would be followed by the domestication of the cow, sheep, goat, pig, and horse (Diamond, 1999, p.159). In each case the animal served a purpose, such as transportation, packing cargo, or as a source of food. However, the keeping of animals also allowed the tribe to perish less nomadic and more sedentary in their lifestyle, and demand that the tribe cultivate its plant food sources. As the animals provided work and food, the need to feed them would occupy agricultural techniques that would form a positive feedback loop to increase the available food supply and expand the population.As tribes began to settle in one area, the production of food became the paramount concern. Large draft animals made the plow and large-scale tillage possible by 4000 BC (Diamond, 1999, p.89). These improvements would allow the formation of villages and permanent residences occupied year around. Plant breeding and selection for the best producing crops could take place. This would allow a larger population and would make long-range expeditions more likely as they would be ab le to

Commonwealth of Nations Essay Example for Free

Commonwealth of Nations EssayInside Judaic tabernacleThe Paradesi syn pastgue is the oldest active1 synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations,2 located in Kochi, Kerala, in South India. It was built in 1568 by the Malabar Yehudan people or Cochin Jewish familiarity in the Kingdom of Cochin. Paradesi is a word use in several Indian languages, and the literal meaning of the term is hostileers, applied to the synagogue because it was historically used by White Jews, a mixture of Jews from Cranganore, the Middle East, and European exiles. It is also referred to as the Cochin Jewish Synagogue or the Mattancherry Synagogue.The synagogue is located in the quarter of Old Cochin k straightwayn as Jew Town,2 and is the only one of the seven synagogues in the area still in use. The complex has fourbuildings. It was built beside to the Mattancherry Palace temple on the land gifted to the Malabari Yehuden community by the Raja of Kochi, Rama Varmadisambiguation needed. The Mattancherry Palace temple and the Mattancherry synagogue share a common wall. historyThe Malabari Jews formed a prosperous trading community of Kerala, and they controlled a major portion of world wide spice trade. In 1568, the Jews of Kerala constructed the Paradesi Synagogue adjacent to Mattancherry Palace, Cochin, now part of the Indian city of Ernakulam, on land given to them by the Raja of Kochi. The original synagogue was built in the 4thcentury in Kodungallur (Cranganore) when the Jews had a mercantile role in the South Indian region along the Malabar coast now called Kerala.It was later moved to Kochi from Kodungallur. The jump synagogue of the Malabari Jews in Cochin was destroyed in the Portuguese persecution of the Malabari Jews and Nasrani people of Kerala in the 16th century. The second synagogue, built under the protection of the Raja of Cochin along with Dutch patronage, is the present synagogue. It is called Paradesi synagogue because it was built with Dutch patronage at a tim e when Kochi was under Dutch occupation, thus the name paradesi synagogue or foreign synagogue. In 1968, the synagogue celebrated its 400th anniversary in a ceremony attended by Indira Gandhi, the Indian Prime Minister.Social composition and traditionsThe Paradesi Synagogue had three classes of members.* White Jews were full members. The White Jews, or Paradesi Jews, were the recent descendants of Sephardim from Holland and Spain. * Black Jews were allowed to venerate simply were not admitted to full membership. These Cochin Jews were the original Jewish settlers of Cochin. * Meshuchrarim, a group of freed slaves who had no communal rights and no synagogue of their own sat on the floor or on the steps outside. However, in the first half of the 20th century,Abraham Barak Salem, a meshuchrar, successfully campaigned against this discrimination. As is normal for Orthodox Jewish synagogues, the Paradesi Synagogue has separate seating sections for men and women. The Paradesi Synagogue is the only cognitive process synagogue in Kochi today with a minyan (though this minyan must be formed with Jews from outside Kochi, as the number who still reside there is not sufficient).In conformity with the Hindu, Nasrani and Islamic traditions of Kerala, the worshippers are required to enter the Paradesi Synagogue barefoot.3 Other facets which are unique to the Cochin Jewish community, and which are results of Hindu influence, include extra colors of clothing for each festival, circumcision ceremonies at public worship, and distri only whenion of grapes soaked myrtle leaves on certain festivals. In addition, the Cochin Jews currently have no rabbis, as the community is led by elders. The synagogue is also open to visitors the ticket-seller, Yaheh Hallegua, is the destination femaleParadesi Jew of child-bearing age.Objects of antiquityThe Paradesi Synagogue has the Scrolls of the Law, several gold crowns received as gifts, many Belgian glass chandeliers, and a brass-railed pulpit. It houses the copper plates of privileges given to Joseph Rabban, the earliest known Cochin Jew, dating from the 10th century, written in Tamil on the two plates, by the draw reinr of the Malabar Coast. The floor of the synagogue is composed of hundreds of Chinese, 18th century, hand-painted porcelain tiles, all of which are unique. There is also an oriental rug, a gift from Haile Selassie, the last Ethiopian Emperor.5 The most visible part of the synagogue is the 18th century clock tower, which, along with other parts of the complex,which underwent repair work under the guidance of World Monuments Fund, between 1998 and 1999.6 Hebrew inscription at the Mattancherry synagogueA tablet from the earlier synagogue in Kochangadi in Kochi (built in 1344) is placed on the outer wall of the Paradesi synagogue. The inscription states that the structure was built in 5105 (in the Hebrew Calendar) as an abode for the spirit of GodDescriptionThe temple was built in first millennium dur ing the time of Kamarupa. Allahabad rock inscriptions of Samudragupta mentioned about it. Temple was destroyed during the middle of second millennium and revised temple structure was constructed in 1565 by Chilarai of the Koch dynastyin the style of medieval temples.2 The current structure has a beehive-like shikhara with delightful sculptured panels and images of Ganeshaand other Hindu gods and goddesses on the outside .3 The temple consists of three major chambers. The wolframern sandwich chamber is large andrectangular and is not used by the general pilgrims for worship. The middle chamber is a square, with a small idol of the Goddess, a later addition.The walls of this chamber contain sculpted images of Naranarayana, related inscriptions and other gods.4 The middle chamber leads to the sanctum sanctorum of the temple in the form of a cave, which consists of no image but a natural underground spring that flows through a yoni-shaped cleft in the bedrock. During the Ambuvaci festi val each summer,the menstruation of the Goddess Kamakhya is celebrated. During this time, the water in the main shrine runs red with iron oxide resembling menstrual fluid.It is likely that this is an ancient Khasi sacrificial site, and worshiping here still includes sacrifices. Devotees come every morning with goats to offer to Shakti.5 The Kalika Purana, an ancient work in Sanskrit describes Kamakhya as the yielder of all desires, the young bride of Shiva, and the giver of salvation.Shakti is known as Kamakhya. Kamakhya Temple in Himachal Pradesh.The Kamakhya temple in the forest region of Polian Purohitan in Una regularise of Himachal State is situated at about 600 mt above sea level. The Pindi,was brought over by the Rajpurohits of Brahaminical Aryan descent of the sage Vatsayan some 800 years ago after the invasion of the Shans in 1200C, with the destruction of the first Tantrik ritual site. The worshippers escaped in mass migration from the Garo-Khasi hillregion of Assam, v ia the Tibet Himalaya silk route to Kashmir .While some left for the north west frontiers, a few families of the Brahamin Vatsayan Rajpurohits sanctified the Tantrik Kamakhyakuldevi in the wilderness of an isolated forest hill in Polian Purohitan.Sculptures carved on the templeThe first Tantric Kamakhya Temple was destroyed during the Mongol invasion in the Nilachal hills in the 12 BC, so was the fate of the second tantric temple destroyed in the Islamic attacks, probably by the Hindu convert Muslimwarrior Kala Pahad. The Brahaminical legend of the Shakti in the later period led to the worship of the tantric goddess as Hindu Shakti goddess. The worship of all female deity in Assam symbolizes the fusion of faiths and practices of Aryan and non-Aryan elements in Assam.6 The different names associated with the goddess are names of local Aryan and non-Aryan goddesses.7The Yogini Tantra mentions that the devotion of the Yogini Pitha is ofKirata origin.8 concord to Banikanta Kakati, t here existed a tradition among the priests established by Naranarayana that the Garos, a matrilineal people, offered worship at the earlier Kamakhya site by sacrificing pigs.9 The goddess is worshiped according to both the Vamachara (Left-Hand Path) as well as theDakshinachara (Right-Hand Path) modes of worship.10 Offerings to the goddess are usually flowers, but might include animal sacrifices. In general female animals are exempt from sacrifice, a rule that is relaxed during mass sacrifices.11LegendsA complete view of the templeVatsayana,a Vedic Sage in Varanasi during the later first Century was approached by the King in the Himalayan region (now Nepal) to find a solution to convert the tribals and their rituals of human sacrifice to a more socially accepted worship. The Sage suggested the worship of a tantric goddess Tara that spread towards the eastern Himalayan belt till the Garo Hills where the tribals worshipped a fertility yoni goddess Kameke. It was much later in the later Brahaminical period Kalika Purana that most tantric goddess were related to the legend of Shakti and began to be erroneously worshipped as a devi by the Hindus.According to the Kalika Purana, Kamakhya Temple denotes the spot where Sati used to retire in surreptitious to satisfy her amour with Shiva, and it was also the place where her yoni fell after Shiva danced with the corpse of Sati.12 This is not corroborated in the Devi Bhagavata, which lists 108 places associated with Satis body, though Kamakhya finds a mention in a supplementary list.13 The Yogini Tantra, a latter work, ignores the origin of Kamakhya given inKalika Purana and associates Kamakhya with the goddess Kali andemphasizes the creative symbolism of the yoni.Kamakhya during Ahom eraAccording to a legend the Koch Bihar gallant family was banned by Devi herself from offering puja at the temple. In fear of this curse, to this day no descendants of that family dares to even look upward towards the Kamakhya hill while p assing by. Without the support of the Koch royal family the temple faced lot of hardship. By the end of 1658, the Ahoms under king Jayadhvaj Singha had conquered the Lower Assam and their interests in the temple grew. In the decades that followed the Ahom kings, all who were either devout Shaivite or Shaktacontinued to support the temple by rebuilding and renovating it. Rudra Singha (reign 1696 to 1714) was a devout Hindu and as he grew older he decided to formally embrace the religion and become an orthodox Hindu by being initiated or taking sharan of a Guru, who would teach him the mantras and become his spiritual guide.But, he could not bear the scene of humbling himself in front a Brahmin who is his subject. He therefore sent envoys to Bengal and summoned Krishnaram Bhattacharyya, a famous mahant of Shaktasect who lived in Malipota, near Santipur in Nadia district. The mahant was unwilling to come, but consented on being promised to be given the care of the Kamakhya temple to h im. Though the king did not take sharan, he satisfied the mahant by ordering his sons and the Brahmins in his entourage to accept him as their spiritual guru.When Rudra Singha died, his eldest son Siba Singha (reign 1714 to 1744), who became the king, gave the management of the Kamakhya temple and along with it large areas of land (Debottar land) to Mahant Krishnaram Bhattacharyya. The Mahant and his successors came to be known as Parbatiya Gosains, as they resided on top of the Nilachal hill. Many Kamakhya priests and modern Saktas of Assam are either disciples or descendants of the Parbatiya Gosains, or of the Nati and Na Gosains.

Human genome online assignment Essay Example for Free

Human genome online assignment Essay1) If genetic manipulation does become a reality, I think allowing non-disease characteristics to be alter would have serious ethical and social implications. Screening for diseases and treating or eradicating them totally would be a huge benefit to mankind, but to use genetic applied science to produce designer babies leave alone most likely lead to a social divide similar to that portrayed in the movie Gattaca (De Vito and Niccol, 1997).Such engineering science would most likely be expensive and only those who can afford it will benefit and gain undue advantage over those not golden enough to have the financial means to avail of the technology, leading to a social system where you have the genetically-enhanced superior class and the inferior citizens conceived the natural way. 2) I dont think life insurance companies should have access to a persons genetic information. As it is, I believe insurance policies already hold a lot of stipula tions that policy holders more often than not, end up receiving the short end of the bargain.If insurance companies find assign up that a person has a predisposition to a disease, they could easily refuse to provide that person with insurance and that I think, would be unfair since they would be depriving that person of his subscribe to to secure financial aid in case he does get sick. In the interest of fairly sharing risks though, insurance companies may be allowed special access to genetic information. Limited, because I believe the welf atomic number 18 of policy holders should still be of topmost priority and any form of discrimination against individuals should not be allowed.3) Yes, I believe that the information from the Human Genome Project (HGP) will bring tremendous benefits to a lot of people in the next 20 years. technology develops at a actually fast pace and it is not impossible that Collins predictions may very well come true. Already, the underlying genetic pr oblems creditworthy for certain diseases have already been identified and with the genetic map from the HGP, the causes of a lot of other afflictions will be identified and from there, therapies can and will be developed.Even though custom-made therapies will most likely be more difficult to develop and perfect, the identification of disease genes will still greatly benefit the general population (Nova Online, 2001). 4) I think we are not that prepared for the implications that will result from the applications of these information. Right now, our society is already struggling with sundry(a) other ethical issues in other biotechnological fields like stem cell research and it would be too naive to ignore the present and emf issues that may arise due to the far-reaching consequences of the HGP.5) I dont think employers should have access to an individuals genetic information since there is the insecurity that a person may be discriminated on the basis of his genetic profile. As of present, I think discrimination may be viewed as singling out an individual for what he is (e. g. his race, gender, etc. ), but to discriminate someone based on his genetic profile would also mean discriminating him for what he could be. A person can be at risk for a certain disease but thats just it its a probability, not a guarantee.Besides, it would also mean discounting a persons capabilities in spite of whatever genetic condition he may have. There have been unbounded stories of people overcoming their disabilities so there is no reason that one should be discriminated or favored based on his genetic makeup. 6) I dont think it is that surprising, especially if I consider that like me, these lower organisms are alive, so its really just logical that we do share something in common. Considering though how much more complex we wait to be compared to these organisms, then yes, it is surprising that we dont seem to be that genetically different from them.7) I believe that testing of unborn children should be confined to deleterious genes, i. e. those that have serious and possibly life-threatening consequences such as that with diseases. I believe its a matter of putting things in perspective. Traits and disabilities like homosexuality or color blindness may be undesirable but they really seem trivial compared to serious afflictions that may mean life or death for the child. 8) If its a curable or preventable disease, then I would believably be in favor of being tested so that I can take the necessary steps to prevent or prepare myself in case I do get sick.However, I cant say that decision would be as simple in the case of non-treatable diseases, because as with the woman who tested positive for a BRCA mutation (Nova Online, 2001), knowing that I am at risk for a disease that has no cure will probably mean that I will be living my life everyday with a sword hanging over my head and it would be very hard to live life that way. 9) Yes, I would requisite my mate and I to be tested if we were carriers for a disease prior to having children.I wouldnt deficiency to take the risk of bearing a child only to have him/her suffer from the disease that we carry when we couldve spared him/her from that difficult life. I believe that I owe it to my future child to have myself and my partner tested. 10) I dont think genes or genomic material should be patented because as Lander has observed, apprehensions over whether a particular gene or part of the genome has already been patented has become a limiting factor in that drug companies usually wouldnt want to take the risk of blend ining on treatments that might already be protected by a patent (Nova Online, 2001).I believe that there are several ways that scientists can approach a disease and develop a treatment for it, so why patent genes or genomic material? why not just let everybody have access to such information so that not only one drug company can work at a specific disease but rather se veral, so that theres a better chance that one of them will be able to develop a treatment which they would then have all the right to patent? Lets take for example the case of cystic fibrosis.The gene responsible for this disease was discovered way back in 1989 and yet no cure has been discovered up to now (Nova Online, 2001). It only goes to show that identifying the gene responsible for the disease does not automatically mean that the cure would also be discovered consequently, so why allow the burden of yet limitations brought on by patents?References De Vito, D. (Producer), Niccol, A. (Director). (1997). Gattaca Motion Picture. USA Sony Pictures. NOVA Online. (2001). Cracking the code of life. Retrieved May 30, 2007, from http//www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/genome/program. html.

Epistemology in Locke and Berkeley Essay Example for Free

Epistemology in Locke and Berkeley EssayEven though Locke seems to posit a melodic theme-independent world founded on issue, on closer examination it will be found that he does so grudgingly. Berkeley, on the other hand considers the notion as unnecessary, and indeed evil. With a strait-laced examination of the two philosophies they will found to be identical in center field, and they only differ in their moral orientation regarding the notion of matter. Lockes cut would appear to track to materialism, while Berkeleys to spiritualism. I argue, however, that Locke is not really promoting materialism. On the other hand, Berkeleys stance might be the road to quietism, rather of true spirituality. On balance, I would favor Locke.Both philosophers be Empiricists, therefore claim that all knowledge is derived from sense experience alone. The real target against whom this philosophy is directed are the Rationalists, following Descartes, who contended that the mind is possesse d of innate knowledge, which is discovered through the application of reason as applied to the sensory data of experience. Descartes numbered substance as three the soul capable of thought, the non-thinking material world, and God.Excluding God as the unknowable entity, the Cartesians grappled with mind and matter duality, confident that both could be understood as agents interacting with each other. However all efforts in this direction ended in pantheism, where God is invoked as the necessary and indispensable agent of mind and matter interaction. Lockes philosophy is primarily aimed at overcoming Cartesian duality, and the same can be said of Berkeleys. Locke focuses his attack on the Cartesian mind with its innate ideas. Berkeley, on the other hand, attacks the concept of mind-independent matter.Locke pictures the mind as a white piece of paper, on which experience writes all possible content, and that which we are able to describe as mind. onwards the mind experiences the ext ernal material world it has no knowledge. This is made up of ideas, which is that formed when something impinges on our senses, coming from the object of perception.The actual process of transmission is inscrutable, though, which Locke is at pains to point out. The ideas are generally nothing like the object itself, and so the causation that is talked about, as the body being caue of the sense perception, is left shrouded. To dissemble this point Locke shows that we form positive ideas from even the lack of causation. So that the absence of light is positively a shadow to us. Just like the names we bump to objects are nothing like the objects themselves, so that most of the ideas that form in the mind bear no more the likeness of something endureing without us (qtd. in Bowie, 251).With this provision out of the way, Locke goes on to claim that there are certain ideas which do bear resemblance to the object being observed. The ideas of mention, solidity, shape and motion are inde ed said to reside in the object itself. These aspects of matter are intuited, and form what Locke terms primary qualities. This is why the ideas of shape, solidity and motion have such(prenominal) distinct and forceful presence in our mind. It is due to the fact that such ideas constitute the only information transmitted from matter itself to the mind. All other ideas, termed as secondary, are derived from the primary ones, and compounded from them in various ways. In this way color, taste, smell, texture etc are all secondary qualities.These ideas are characterized by their sexual congress nature, so that no two observers are able to agree exactly on a quality like taste or color. At the same season they are not as distinct as are the simple ideas. The same food item can be sweet when tasted in health, and bitter when in fever. Again Locke takes care to point out that there is no necessary causation involved. The idea of blueness, along with the particular fragrance, that we get from holding a violet cannot be linked to the flower itself, so that it is no more impossible to conceive that God should annex such ideas to such motions, with which they have no similitude (Ibid 253).Berkeley insists that the relativistic argument must also apply to the primary qualities of Locke, so that there can be no agreement even regarding shape, sizing and motion. Different perspectives of the same event gives rise to different ideas, so that a large square building might appear to be small and orthogonal when seen from a distance and a skewed perspective. Locke argues, however, that such differences can be reasoned away, by the use of geometry and knowledge of the observers position relative to the object of scrutiny. Because such correction is possible the mind can be said to have true knowledge regarding extension. Thus, the thesis of simple ideas, the crux of Lockes epistemology, is restored.Against this, Berkeley would complain that there cannot be any distinction bet ween primary and secondary sensations. He asks us to try to imagine, if we can, the shape of an object without color. And because we cannot our notion of extension is inseparable from the so-called secondary sensations. That which Locke claimed as distinct as an idea, is found out not to be really so. Shape, size and motion appear to us always associated with color, tone, texture, taste, mood, and so on, and the two categories of sensations cannot be clinically separated at all. And if it is the case that the secondary qualities are not in the object itself, but are framed by the mind that perceives it, thence the same must be true for the primary qualities too (Ibid 256).Locke had dismissed Descartes materialism, and yet held on to the notion of matter by the slender thread of primary qualities. Berkeley overturns this too, so that there is nothing left with which to grasp on to a notion of matter as a mind-independent entity. He simply applies Occams razor to the preceding argumen t and concludes that, if God would impart to us our idea of extension, whether there be matter or not, then it is illogical to postulate the separate existence of matter, a thing that serves no function at all, and to do so would be tantamount to imputing that God has created unbounded beings that are entirely useless, and serve to no manner of purpose (Ibid 258). We know that this is an argument that Locke would have appreciated, because he himself uses Occams razor at many points in his own argument, for example, when he postulates that all experience is derived from only simple ideas.Berkeley is not saying, Nothing exists. The external world is indeed real, but as an idea in the mind of God, and maintained as such so that we are able to refer to an absolute fixity in nature. Existence is either as a spirit or as an idea. The spirit is that which perceives idea. Apart from our own existence we also perceive ideas. These too are said to have real existence. A table does not cease to exist just because we have left the room and there is none to observe it anymore. If it continues to exist, it must only be in some other mind, says Berkeley, and consequently so long as they are not actually perceived by me, or do not exist in my mind or that of any other created spirit, they must either have no existence at all, or else subsist in the mind of some Eternal Spirit (Ibid 255).As epistemology, Berkeleys reasoning is irrefutable, except that it does not inspire active enquiry as does Lockes. After a puritanical examination of the latters philosophy it will be found not to differ in essence from that of Berkeley, except in structure and the terminology used. But such a difference is not a minor one either. The distinction of primary ideas made by Locke found better scene in Kant, a century later, as the synthetic a priori ideas of the mind.The gist of Kant is that while concrete reason does not deliver knowledge, it nevertheless presages the existence of slender reason, transcendent to practical reason, and the preserve of true knowledge. A further corollary to Kants philosophy is the categorical imperative, which stimulates action towards the moral path, which is the path dictated by sharp reason, and also the road to true knowledge. It is easy to demonstrate that Lockes postulate of a material sense perception is the counterpart to Kants postulate of practical reason. That such an idea does not deliver knowledge both Locke and Kant admit. But contained in the idea is the imperative to enquire and attain to true knowledge. This is what Locke means when he saysHow short soever their knowledge may come of an universal or perfect comprehension of whatsoever is, it yet secures their great concernments, that they have light enough to lead them to the knowledge of their Maker, and the sight of their own duties. (27)This is the spirit of active enquiry that we find in Locke, but not in Berkeley. Indeed, the historical influence of Locke testifi es to this claim completely. The German historian Oswald Spengler was not exaggerating when he said, The Western Enlightenment is of English origin. The rationalism of the Continent comes wholly from Locke (qtd. in Durant, 590). It is unfortunate, however, that Locke has come to be associated with materialism. Such a misinterpretation is due to a failure to comprehend fully the implications of his epistemology. This is why I favor Locke over Berkeley.Works CitedBowie, G. Lee, Meredith W. Michaels and Robert C. Solomon. Twenty Questions An Introduction to Philosophy. Wadsworth Publishing, 2006.Durant, Will and Ariel Durant. The Age of Louis xiv A History of European Civilization in the Age of Pascal. New York Simon and Schuster,1963.Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. Bibliobazaar LLC, 2006.

Enterprise Resource planning system

Enterprise Resource planning systemIn the phone line solid ground organization, occupation software plays a very important berth to support the business and its activities to increase the productivity and efficiency of the business. Although business software give benefits precisely it similarly brings major implication for a company when the firm decide to implement different type of business software. This paper allow for discuss the role and purpose of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system and Accounting Information system (AIS). Moreover the paper lead discuss the benefits and drawbacks for companies of implementing ERP system. Specifically the paper leave behind discuss how AIS system maybe be affected by slaying of a full ERP system and the identification of major implication for AIS system.Role and invention of Enterprise Resource planning systemEnterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP) is specifically designed for distri furtherors, retailers and professional services firms according for their needs. The company named SAP Aktiengesellschaft is shortly a world market and technology leader in providing ERP systems (Benjamin B. Bae, Paul Ashcroft, 2004).ERP system implemented to get out more accurate selective information and salutary time, turn off asset personifys and monetary cycles, increase client satisfaction, and globally integrate information across the enterprise write out chain. ERP system use relational informationbase technology to integrate various units of an organizations information system which integrated all business process and sub-processes linked and unified into a single system. It has been designed to focus on four main areas in a company that is fiscal, human resources, marketing and supply chain precaution.ERP system is essential to the needed by all organizations and behind use in any kind of organization, irrespective of the business objectives, size, and area of operations. Using this system not solel y economizes but it also improves the efficiency of the median(a) existing work process. Without ERP system on modern day, firms cant run competitively between organizations because leak of proper drafted and formulated which ERP system can provide it. The main former for this is because it can be configured to accommodate a large variety of different work processes and this lead it became popular not only in large corporations but midsized companies also frequently used it because it provides a seamless integration of their business. During the 1990s, Global 2000 companies spent billions of dollars on ERP systems (Dan Everett, 2003).The attractive of ERP systems seem in all probability to be the promise of centrally coordinating and controlling many aspect of corporate planning. As such, ERP systems can be seen to represent a far comer technological promise and even the ultimate manifestation.Benefits and Drawbacks for Implementing ERP SystemThe benefits for implementing ERP sy stem is it helps organization to reduce costs and cycle time, increase the productivity and timberland and improve the customer service by automating basic and repetitive operations. ERP systems mechanically estimate the demand for a product, order the raw materials, provide production schedules, track down the absolute inventory, allocate costs, and keep historical customer. The ERP systems repeat all the operation and keep the information so that the organization can analysts the impact of changes in product mingle and volumes in order to maximize corporate profit margins.Besides that, ERP systems also provide informational benefits to management. ERP system helps an organization to achieve better resource management for model in workforce management improved the manpower allocation, in inventory management improved inventory turn and stock allocation, in production management optimized supply chain and production schedules. It also improved decision making by increase the mar ket responsiveness, has a better profit and also controls the cost and also flexible the customer services, increase the service adjustment and response customer demand.Integrated information systems bring a new opportunity to flat support a tight link with customers (Vitale, 1986 Malone and Yates, 1987 Clemons and McFarlan, 1986). ERP systems provide E-business by using the web integration capability it helps get closer to customers. It provides benefit to business to business (B2B) interactive customer service, for example done customer directs feedback it can improved product design, and most importantly provide real time and reliable data enquiries.In appendix with the integrated and standard application architecture in ERP system it provide infrastructure support business flexibility for future changes by response to internal and external changes and provide range of options in react, reduced IT costs and increased capability for quick and economical implementation of new a pplications (Shari Shang and mother fucker B. Seddon, 2000).The drawback for implementing ERP system is the cost of installing is expensive. The cost of installing an ERP system can cost up to US$100 million. In1999, most organizations spent between US$90-180 billion on ERP system (Shari Shang Peter B. Seddon, 2000). The ERP system be installed by ERP consulting organization and the fees to modify the system is also expensive with average at to the highest degree US$150-$225 per hour (Benjamin B. Bae, Paul Ashcroft, 2004).Besides that, installing an ERP systems take a longer period. ERP system is a complicated system and it often takes 12-18 months to be installed and in operation(p) (Benjamin B. Bae, Paul Ashcroft, 2004). It take longer period is because a detailed study must be made and reviewed before installing ERP system to match the business requirement. Any mistake in planning of ERP systems will affect the entire performance system.The implementation of the ERP systems will hurting the companys process, break customer relations and will required a longer time from achieving its long-term financial goals (Dr. Yan Wang, 2005). In addition, implementation ERP system required a new procedures to manage the system, train employee the procedures of system, and managerial and technical support and this cause many companies found the change takeover to ERP systems a slow and painful process.Role and Purpose of Accounting Information System (AIS)Accounting Information System (AIS) play as a backbone in accounting transaction processing system. It combine the accounting format, implementation, and monitoring of information systems. It uses the modern information technology resources with the traditional accounting methods to provide financial information to organizations.AIS analyze and record all the business transactions to prepare financial put forwardments and provide accounting data to manage the organization. Constantinos J. Stefanou state that, AIS is a process of collecting and arranging the data and information based on the events that have an economic effect upon organizations and keep the maintenance, processing and communication of information to stakeholders. All the information will be use for decision making purpose and evaluate the financial position of the organization.Andreas I. Nicolaou, 2000 claim that a critical research issue in the fields of accounting and management decision-making concerns the fit of the AIS with the organizational requirements for information communication and control. This pith that AIS is a computer-based system which process all the financial information and supports the decision tasks in the context of coordination and control of organizational activities. Besides that, Ed ODonnell, Julie Smith David, 2000 state that AIS provide input for decision making. AIS summarized the important business events for example production, purchasing and selling activities for internal decision making .AIS make business accounting activities easier, quicker, and more accurate. It safe accountant time and avoid mistake since the system is analyzed accounting records and prepare financial statements. Since AIS gather all accounting and transaction information by electronically and automatically so it avoids data entry and computing errors.The Major Implication for AISs of the Implementation of a Full ERP SystemBasically, a successful implementation of ERP system will increases competitiveness by increase the quality and customer satisfaction, speed up the processes, and reduce all the lead times. There is few reason AIS system may be affected by the implementation of a full ERP system. Steve G. Sutton 2006 claim that ERP system change the financial accounting environment significantly as the processes used to record, assimilate and distribute such information all radically change. ERP system can be traced back all the transaction recording process for example it will captures the data when a cashier scanning a bar code or warehouse worker at a receiving dock and automatically update the processes in the AIS records.Besides that, ERP system also supports two major processes in AIS that is order-to-cash and purchase-to-pay. In order-to-cash process, the ERP system can analyze to check into the goods being requested by customers. At this process, ERP system links together customer, inventory, purchasing, and vendor data to determine whether the customer is in good standing and apt(predicate) to pay the bill. After that, ERP system schedules the order for delivery, if the goods are not available within the organization, a purchase order is sent to a vendor. ERP system will ensure that the account statement contains correct quantities, prices, monetary value, and addresses and then it will record cash receipts and updating cash and accounts receivable amounts in the general.For the purchase-to-pay process, ERP system will automatically generate the purchase r equisition on the basis of data and reviews purchases requests to determine that organization is authorized and within budget. ERP system will assists the buyer in identifying sources of supply for the requested item, analyzing vendor quotations, and selecting vendors by comparing vendor prices, terms and past performance. ERP system will automatically links purchasing order, receipt and vendor invoice and record in accounts payable in the general ledger.Further, ERP systems also improved decision-making process and used financial ratio analysis. It act as facilitators of business processes and also support management decision-making. It has enabled to use financial ratio analysis and production of budgets which also including cash budgets, absorption costing and profitability analysis per customer.In addition ERP systems have introduced sophisticated accounting techniques in their accounting processes which is activity based costing (ABC) and target costing. It also lesser extent i nvolves time reductions for accounts closure and cookery of financial statements.The last reason through the implementation of a full ERP system is it not just a business process of electronic procedures but it is also with the scientific management idea. This system can always thinking of integrating the organization internal control throughout the entire business cycle, through a set of pre-designed and improved cover the plans, prices, supply, production, sales, and inventory management and automatically update.In summary, the ERP systems appear to have fulfilled its purpose as demonstrated in the changes in the accounting practices brought in. Overall, the benefits achieved by ERP systems strongly influence accounting information and practices and also organizational planning at a strategic level. Booth et al. (2000) states that ERP users perceptions of the quality of accounting IS in financial and management accounting as adequate in terms of reporting and decision support and good in terms of transaction reporting. Therefore, results between the two systems are comparable, indicating that there are still benefits accrued for ERP adopters. Stefanou (2002) also reports that the integration of accounting applications, information exchange and reporting capabilities as notable advantages and strengths of ERP systems.ConclusionIn conclusion,