Critically disscuss the principles underpinning the doctrine of Essay

Critically disscuss the principles underpinning the doctrine of consideration and its necessity in english contract law - Essay Example This exchange is that exchange of consideration. Thus, if no consideration exists it holds that there is nothing on which to create or found liability. Reciprocal undertakings between the contracting parties have to be there. Promises by either of the parties have to be fulfilled. Therefore, if neither of the contracting parties promises or gives anything, there exists no consideration for the second party to promise or act. In the past, when contracts were entirely verbal, the English Common law never wanted to enforce any offers that were gratuitous, (that is, offers without anything in exchange). Thus, the criterion of consideration was added to the Common law. Judge Wilmot stated in his verdict in a 1765 case of Pillans vs Mierop, that consideration came in the times of verbal contracts and to such, the law required something to make agreements formal. This was to let the court determine at what point a deliberate undertaking took place to obligate oneself. Any contract which doe s not have consideration is called a nudum pactum. (duhaime.org, 2011) The doctrine of consideration attaches to itself several principles according to Ramsey and Thomas Telford limited in their book. These are very essential as per the book and they determine sufficiency and adequacy. These include the facts that consideration has to be sufficient or real, it has to be something besides the existing obligation to the contracting parties, it must not be a consideration for past contracts, it has to be given as a return to a prior promise, it must be economically valuable and it has to emanate from the party making a promise. (Ramsey and Thomas Telford Ltd, 2007 p 253) The study will narrow down on the principles, though. Focus will be on the main requirements for a contract to be considered valid. To this, four main principles will be put into consideration. Four main principles have to exist in a contract so as consideration to uphold or to be valid. These include the fact that con sideration has to be sufficient but not necessarily adequate, it is a must it be valuable, consideration has to come from the promisee to the promisor and it maybe executed or executor, though. Past consideration is not enough to and a promise. This, study is going to consider the four principles or requirements in detail and also in pursuit of understanding further the doctrine. The requirements are going to be tackled in the order in which they are stated. (Lisa, 2002) The major rule under consideration as Fisher and Greenwood state in their book is that it is a must consideration be sufficient be sufficient it is not a must it be adequate, though. To the adequacy issue, the book says that there is nothing amiss in purchasing a valuable item like a painting for an amount of USD 10. Fundamentally, consideration is just token showing a party’s intent in making a legal contract unlike a social non-biding agreement. This stated token involves the giving of a thing that is of va lue in line with the requirements of law. Consideration, thus, is no prove of fairness or equity in a contract, but it is just an evidence that there exists a legal and enforceable contractual agreement between the involved parties. This is in opposition to any social arrangement with no intent of a legal contract. Note that, the

Calculate the ratios for Ace Limited Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Calculate the ratios for Ace Limited - Essay Example Earnings per share ratio have been calculated to determine the ability of company to generate earning on each share outstanding. Since the company does not have any preferred shares therefore, all earnings have been generated on outstanding shares. The earning per share is $0.223 which means that company has generated $0.223 on each share outstanding. It shows the profitability of Ace limited because the company has been able to generate positive earnings for its shareholders. In order to determine how Ace Limited is leveraging its debt against the capital employed by the shareholders, this ratio has been calculated. The ratio shows that debt of the company is 0.0763 times of shareholders equity. In other words, Ace Limited has $0.0763 of debt and $1 in equity to meet its obligations. It means that the capital structure of the company primarily comes from the capital employed by shareholders and company is very less dependent on debt. The interest coverage ratio has been calculated to show the ability of the company to cover its interest expenses on outstanding debt. The value of the interest ratio is 254.3, which has been calculated by dividing the earnings before interest and tax with interest expense or finance cost. The higher ratio shows that Ace Limited does not have any debt burden and company is efficiently managing its debt expense. The major reason of this coverage is the profitability of the company and less dependence on debt. Based on the above calculated ratios, it can be concluded that Ace Limited is a profitable company and the capital of the company primarily comes from the capital shared by owners. The company is less dependent on loans and debts, which has helped the company to keep its interests expense low. The company has generated $0.223 per share outstanding this year and paid out the dividend of $2 on each share outstanding. Therefore, Ace Limited is a profitable company

Introduction To Religion And Ethics Philosophy Essay

Introduction To Religion And Ethics Philosophy Essay Religion represents the worship of God. Human beings were born to believe in god through the religion of his family or ideology of the state is drive upon him from the very beginning of his existence in the world. Moreover, Religion is the principle or beliefs system held to with ardour and faith toward god. Archaeological research explained that religious beliefs have been existent since the first human societies. God gave every individual all intellects to make the right decision and to be wise when facing challenges in the coming future. The believers of religion generally express the mutual culture and values through doctrine, ritual and myth in religion. The knowledge of god is taught through religion institution over years to educate every individual about right belief, moral and ethical values so that they can differentiate the right or wrong behaviour. Furthermore, religion attempts to answer the intrinsic questions to societys condition such as the reason of suffering and punishment during and after life through the relationship to the sacred or perception of the true nature of reality. The purpose of punishment is to let human to understand the consequence of making sins and wrong decision. This is to ensure every individual will be in the right path in life. Hence, the existence of religion is important in societies to create a harmonious environment for human to leave in peace. Over centuries in different nation, many religions were developed in different societies. Therefore, major dissimilarities of religion were confined within a particular society in past. As these religions hold different cultural and value in the belief of god, arguments and misunderstanding between each religion were easily formed. However, Hicks (2003) clarified that societies still have the abilities to develop religious tolerance and acceptance to creates harmony and unite all religion as one. In recent time, religion has changed various countries where people in dissimilar backgrounds or religions can live side by side in a tolerant environment. In addition, the fundamental of religion has proven to have effects on business ethic. Some researches indicated that it is important to provide guidance on accommodating different opinions about religion practice in the organization (Webley, 2011). This is because religion hold the idea that god reveals insights about life and true meaning, while ethics form a humanistic perspective (James.A, 2006). Therefore, all religions believed in one universal value concept do unto others as you would want others to do to you. The concept helps organization to solve conflict of interest and decision making with common humanity and common sense among different religious employees (Webley, 2011). Last but not least, religions beliefs cannot be separate from people in any society or organization (A.Hicks, 2003). It is impossible to divorce the organizations culture with the nature of employees (Admin, 2012). Any organization is expected to consider the existence of every religion in the organization with respect and supportiveness to develop strong ethical value and common interest among employees and managers (Webley, 2011). This could help create a working environment with free of opposing discrimination of differ religion and enable all employees to fully contribute at work. Issues related to the Religion and ethics in organization Although it is believed that religion brings ethic into workplace, argument on whether religion can be accepted to improve peace and ethic still exist in this twenty first century (A.Hicks, 2003). Webley (2011) indicated that religion and the ways it is expressed in public can generate strong emotion and opinions especially in the workplace. Researcher has reviewed the number of ethics issues happened in the companies and other organizations when the employees wish to pursue practices that express their religions conviction while at work (Webley, 2011). However, every individual holds different beliefs according to their religion concept (James.A, 2006). Therefore, conflicts of interest and ethical dilemma sometimes happen between employees as their religion is not the same (Webley, 2011). The issues that caused conflict will be discussed below. Religion discrimination and ethical dilemma Religion discrimination and employees ethical dilemma has indeed arisen in an organization (Hicks, 2003). According to the record by the Equal employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the state and local fair agencies, was prove that there was a positively increase in the number of religious discrimination issues in the workplace (Gregory Daniel, n.d.). Individual in different religion expect to be respect, treated equally and tolerate with their belief in the ethical value of honesty and justice (Admin, 2012). Therefore, the role of ethic is important to provide common understanding among employees and managers to resolve this dilemma. Webley (2011) stated that offering assistance through corporate code of ethic in the organizations policy is a good exercise to resolve furthermost common ethical challenges that are likely to arise. 1.1.1.1 Direct and Indirect Discrimination Discrimination is divided into direct and indirect discrimination. Direct discrimination describe certain employees in religion that are least favourable in an organization are treated unfairly by managers such as dismiss them, refuse to provide training and giving adverse terms and condition (Acas, 2005). A survey conducted by British churchgoers in 2009 found that there was a number of issues are happened in workplace such as faced opposition at work because by the religion, some of employees felt they had been passed over for promotion, beside they also had reprimanded or cautioned because by sharing their religion while work (Webley, 2011). For example, a job interview becomes unfair for Indian applicant because of his religion and culture. Although he has met all the requirement of skill and competences, the organization still decide not to recruit him. Nonetheless, direct discrimination may only be found in limited circumstances where it is easily shown. The most critical is indirect discrimination where organizations have selective policies, criteria and employment rules that are disadvantaging employees or applicant with different religion. It very is unlawful whether it is intentional or not compare with direct discrimination (Acas, 2005). For example, an organization set a dress code policy whereby men are not allowed to wear ponytails. This becomes indirectly disadvantage for Hindu men whom wear Shika. However, to justify this discrimination, the organization much show there is a legitimate aim where the business need and the practice is proportionate to that aim (Garcetti, 2006). Therefore, indirect discrimination is certainly prejudiced some employees in other religion. 1.1.1.2 Harassment and victimisation As stated above, ethical dilemma exists in an organization. This caused many employees to felt stressful when working (Garcetti, 2006). These dilemmas include harassment and victimisation. Harassment is a behaviour that is offensive and distressing. It may be a way of bullying which is obvious or violent to a victim but can also be unintentional or subtle and insidious (Hicks, 2003). Harassment in an organization may involve teasing, sexual contact and unrespecting. These behaviours are upsetting for employees that become a victim. Harassment happens in different way in an organization. For example, it happens because of an employees religion is not the same with majority. Otherwise, the general culture of an employee was teased as jokes which are not tolerable (Hicks, 2003). Victimisation occurs when employees is treated detrimentally. This is because the individual behaviour may be unacceptable in an organization (Acas, 2005). For example, the employees have made a complaint about discrimination or harassment is listed as troublemakers neither rhyme nor reason. These employees were punished and boycotted in the organization. They may face denied promotion and tanning without reasonable right to voice out their dissatisfaction (Acas, 2005). Economic issue Religions should be considered in issues of economics (Gundolf Filser, 2013; Rodgers, 2011). This is because it influences the behaviour of human in ethics as it is related to the market, industry, and activity in basis of labour or investment (Rodgers, 2011). Religion had a connection to morals and the principles should be considered in issues of economics which include immigrant rights, poverty, crime and labour. In the Muslim perceptive, the idea of Quran has a prohibition of social justice and interest. The Quran recognizes ownership of wealth, protecting by legislation, and increase the economic wealth. At the same time, Quran concept provides radical offers about critique of ownership (Koshul College, 2005). Moreover, Pace (2012) explained that religions can be tame materialistically. This can be justified in the Buddhist ethical doctrines. The doctrines are believed to have affected the consumption of clients through compassion, loving kindness, empathetic joy and equanimity. Furthermore, one of the principle Buddhists believe in is the need of saving and not wasting is important. Therefore, any wasting behaviour is viewed as a negative effect on the economic growth that is fuelled by consumption and self-desired (Pace, 2012). Based on the study, materialistic tend to trade-off between satisfying wants and desires for socializing, the more social interactions, and the more economic growth (Beugelsdijk Smulders, 2009). International trade issue In the other words, religion also influences the ethics in international trade. According to Lam (2005), the religiosity can affect a persons preferences with regard to international trade, which is the religion can affects the attitudes towards trade. Besides, religion is playing a significant role in shaping preferences toward free trade. Lam (2005) used the cross-country individual level survey data from the world values survey, he founded the degree of religiosity is positively correlated with protectionism. Religious people are more likely to be protectionist controlling for wide range of economic factors (Patrick Lam, 2005). Religion effect on attitudes towards trade, because the religion serves as a conservative influence on the attitudes of its adherents. Helble (n.d) explained that the shared of religious belief can enhance the trust in the societies. Therefore, it can reduce the transaction costs between trading partner. Futhermore, each religion has its own ethical standpoint towards the activity of trading. Some of the religions perceive trade as a necessity, others as a value creating activity. (Helble, n.d). Conclusion, the religion affect the attitude towards the international trade, beside it also can enhance the trust and ethics between the trading partners. Political Issue Political is also one of the issues of religions affecting ethics. Indeed, politics will be affected by the religious and this is powerfully influenced the political attitudes. Rodgers (2011) stated that the commercial and top management could affect employees conduct in political term. Above and beyond, there is relationship of between political context and public (Rodgers, 2011). Consequently, top managements are responsible to be ethical when come to any decision making for employees welfare and religion practice can help them to make the right ethical decision. For example, William (1991) describe that the use of religious categories to elect who would be selected for compensatory discrimination benefits such as Muslim electorates and reserve legislative seats for the Hindu or Sikh religion in the scheduled castes in India. There are low-status citizens to Islam and Christianity in India (William, 1991). In contrast, a study has found that the employees could affect the organization conduct (Rodgers, 2011). Besides, these effects always have a relationship of ethics in a political context and public. The religious lead the employees to prefer more on redistribution and welfare provisions to the citizen. For instance, different organization in countries like the United States and Muslim-majority countries should follow the moral standards based on their sacred texts (Steffy, 2013). For example, Indian Christians appeal a love-hate relationship with the episcopal forms developed in Europe, but patriarchal and monarchical forms in Indian history, whether Muslim and Aryan (William, n.d). Nevertheless, it is hard for the top managements to find satisfaction to complete equality and happiness among employees (Tjaya, 2009). The political issues will affect the business, investment and market directly as well. This can be proven in the management of Google, Microsoft and Yahoo. A research found that these organizations have similar conflicts among the complex multiplicity of ethical, culture and politics in both the United States and China (Tan Tan, 2012). Additionally, the aim of politics and justice includes its concerns on work, knowledge, health, security, the environment and pleasure. The services will link to the ethical improvement of each individual as a social being for the management (Tan Tan, 2012). The importance of religion and ethics to organization and its effects on the organization performance. Before 1957, the Malaysian business sector was controlled by Chinese community and other foreign investor; while Malays were work as farmers and Indians were mainly focus on rubber plantations. After May 13th 1969, the bloody tragedy, the New Economic Policy (NEP) was established to balance the gap between the races in business sector. Hence, the NEP was contributed in Malays community in which successfully produced the excellent Malay business men such as Tan Sri Datos Haji Basir Ismail of Maybank Berhad, Tan Sri Dato Azman Hashim of Arab Malaysian Group and so on. The problems are in the 1960s, the Chinese businessmen started to bully the poor fishermen and farmers by using monopoly-monopsony system in weighing and measuring. While, in Hong Kong in 1983, the Malay businessmen Jahil Ibrahim which is the chief auditor of Bumiputera Bank Berhad involved in the murder crime that related to business. The unethical business practices in organization become more sophisticated. If the organizations believe religions, these tragedies will not happen to the society. Islamic persuades Muslims businessmen must avoid the negative values such as hirs (greed), zulm (cruel), israf (extravagance), bukhl (miserliness), and ihtikar (hoarding of wealth). Of course, Islamic encourage Muslims businessmen to practice istislah (public interest), sabr (ability to stay calm and accept annoying and delay), infaq (spending to meet social obligations), al-adl (justice and fairness), ihsan (kindness), and amanah (honesty). Production and distribution are control by the halal-haram code in order to provide fairness dealing (Muhamad Ghani, 2006). The author of Buddhist Economics, Phra Debvedi said that production is not creating thing but it is transforming somethings into another new things. This kind of transforming can be a positive result or negative result toward ecology. The Agganna Sutta who tell the origin of human world said that human begins and nature are interrelated which means what organization produced will affect the ecology. Thus, the organization should use Right Livelihood approach in their production. Right Livelihood is emphasizing on producing the things that do not harm to the society such as poisons, lethal weapons, dangerous addictive items and etc. Besides that, the organizations must take into consideration in exploitation of nature by produce the goods based on market demand, do not produce the low quality products, and choose the production technology that environment friendly. Buddhism also stated that the production should aim for societys happiness and peace (Numkanisorn, 2002a). In all religion perceptive, right acts are not right because god commands them and sees morally right (Martin, 1988). Individuals in different religion respect gods because they are afraid of punishment after death. Religion practice teaches to take action and make decision wisely and follow the guideline set by god. As part of it, it can be apply in an organization, if employees use religion practices in doing their daily works, then they will think twice before making decision. The decision makers will think the effects of the action whether it will harm the society, personal or the environment. For example, for Muslim they got their Islamic law called Syariah (Martin, 1988). They apply this law in their daily life and even though business. This is the religion guideline for the Muslim to behave in the ways that their god think its right to do. For example the Shariah laws that apply in business included there is no element of riba, fraud, gambling and compulsion. PART B: Origin Bloom (n.d.) stated thar religious belief as an evolutionary accident or is supernaturalistic belief, which belief in the reality of the supernatural. This is widespread among human being. Most human beliefs have a connection with evolutionary fitness; they have led to action, such rituals or prayer to survival and reproduction (Inwagen, 2009). People believe in gods and spirits to their religion, this is the principles of human nature responsible for the religious belief in gods and intelligent agents. Therefore, belief in gods and spirits is a sense of the natural and depends on fundamental principles of human psychology (Collier, 2013). Religious beliefs can be explained as an aid to in-group cooperation. This is because cooperation requires penalties for wrong acts. Therefore, those penalties can provide the threat of punishment from omniscient and omnipotent being. Indeed, some cheats can escape human detection, but their each wrong act will be detected and punish by punitive God (Oxford University, 2009). A particular established religion is belief in God or many gods, or neither; revelation through historical scriptures or personal inspiration. Many religious experiences relate the practitioners individual interest. So, people can find their believed symbolic system with meanings that are more communal than temporal life with its mundane expectations (Deacon Cashman, 2010). Therefore, Religion is to build up the justifiability of well motivated and reprehensible behaviors. Besides that, religions also regulate the spheres of human life and conduct. So, religion can be a guiding light through personal and interp ersonal relationships within a milieu (Oiadosu, n.d.). Hence, religious belief will reference to specific situations to make suggestion that what is right and what is wrong. If the suggestion is acceptable, the religious belief cloud analysis the effect of morality by social practices of the community. Hence, the moral principle can be controlled or influences a persons ethics, such code of beliefs and principles (Oiadosu, n.d.). Religious experiences are critical to the establishment of character and virtue. Borrowing from Deacon and Cashman (2010), experiences can be explained as transforming and transcendent, which considered as unusual and of a higher order than most day-to-day experiences. The coded symbolically, cognitive and emotional process influence to generate new modes of experiences. In overall, religious origins are the human value of the emergent emotional experiences that are influencing of religious symbols and practices. Most of the religious experiences are the sense of the sacred and selfless act for another, such as reverence and awe. In addition, religious experiences also can be a sense of unity with the humility; charity, cosmos, and loving-kindness are emergent responses to the universe, these including controlling emotional experience and maintaining mundane relationships with the physical world (Deacon Cashman, 2010) Religion and ethics can be refers to ideas of life, what thing should do and should not do, what is correct and what is wrong. Religion and ethics often link with people, community, or society, because people and society establish norms and values to regulate. These regulations list down what should be done and what should not be done, which morality. Ideologically, these may affect people with physical or psychological balance, which injury, despair and anxiety (Oiadosu, n.d.). So, Morality is an outcome of religion, which God presents in people the sense of what should be done and what should not be done thereby showing about the sense of obligation. Besides that, morality also can be the common sense and past experience over a long period of time that brought about the sense of good and bad. Furthermore, morality has its origin in the society, which inculcates in people the sense of good and bad (Oiadosu, n.d.). Religions require believers of group for participation which remember theological claims and make sacrifices to the gods or the ancestors. These show commitment and cooperate between believers in the group. Hence religion carries two pivotal things, which is epistemic and practical. First, Epistemic describe as virtue of the fact that believers must internalize and sustain counterintuitive. Next, religions also need participants to engage in practices, such sacrifice crops to unseen gods. Indeed, epistemic and practical play a core role of proving religious group membership as well as cooperative and commitment. In addition, believers are more committed to the religion when engage in regular ritual events. This led them to view the ritual as less mundane and burdensome, and may be a perception of enhanced advantages (Michael Moore, 2009) Stories of the origins of religion, about the nature of the cosmos have historically constituted the founding narratives for religion. These stories always normative implicate, which provide the premises for justification. In other word, this can be called as myths. In a period time, ancestors lived in a precarious and full of uncertainty environment, such as harvests, illnesses and war. So, human beings experience fear and anxiety of contingency, and ancestors found them in the extreme situation. Because of fear and anxiety, these motivated them thinking about the secret forces, which personify the hidden powers of nature to dominating their destiny. Hence, passions and imagination require for the development of religious belief, ancestors served to reduce their fear and anxiety in the uncertainty situation. So, people cannot live without these latter beliefs, and this is necessary as well as natural (Collier, 2013). Thus, different myths inform different religions and different paths of morality. These may lead people in different directions. Therefore, people who believe in the truth of stories of religions are regard as fundamentalist. Indeed, all religion impulse to spread meaningful value via story, so stories provide a very clear template for ethics and touchstone for religion. Thus, best religion agent should spread the stories of religion through art, music, ceremony, festivals and literature, generation by generation (Mathews, 2011). Besides that, the religion agents is based on cognitive constraints in simulations of others human minds. So, commitment to gods and spirits is based on motivate each other. Thus, the belief of religion can be influence through petition and prayer serves to decrease anxiety (Collier, 2013). Religious belief is adaptive or maladaptive or perhaps a spandrel. The religious belief often focuses on rationality, reasonableness, justification and warrant by scientific explanations (Oxford University, 2009 ; Deacon Cashman, 2010). Indeed, Religious is adaptations for people, it provides psychological and social benefits to individuals. These contribute psychologically adaptive and effectively in day-to-day behavior, such reducing the angst of uncertain. Besides that, religious is also being socially adaptive to maintain social cohesion. These are contributing the transmission of religious systems and psychological supports. Deacon and Cashman (2010) views as cited in Rappaport (1999) and Wilson (2002), cultural trait might benefit to the people that adopt these practices, which kin reproduction and maintenance of social group. The religious ideas and practices provide transformational experiences and ultimate meaning to believers. Hence, religions can be act as social parasite s on the believers minds and exhibits actions that have been supported only (Deacon Cashman, 2010). Since the 1960s psychologists of religion have used the methodology of psychometrics to assess different ways in which a person may be religious. The people who stand religion as quest may get the Spiritual Support and Spiritual Openness. Spirit and spiritual are words which are constantly used and easily taken for granted by all writers upon religion more constantly and easily, perhaps, than any of the other terms in the mysterious currency of faith (Underhill, 1933). In fact, there is a distinction between being spiritual and being religious. The connotations of spirituality are more personal and psychological than institutional, whereas the connotations of religion are more institutional and sociological. In this usage, the two terms are not synonymous, but distinct. Spirituality involves a persons belief, values, and behavior, while religiousness denotes the persons involvement with a religious tradition and institution. Of course, religion is intimately tied to everyday life, including a wide variety of beliefs and behaviors. Weekly religious meetings guide the faithful throughout life. Obviously, religion can act as a guide of people behavior. And, religion is also tied with sociality. Religion connects individuals to each other and their groups; encourage the communication of community. Religion is a powerful device by which people are absorbed into a tribe and psychically strengthened (Lumsden Wilson, 1983). In this way, both religious bodies and the societies of which they are components strengthen themselves in numbers and importance. The importance of the selected topic and its effects on society and organizations in general In Soulth Delhi, the 23-year-old lady who was the trainee physiotherapist in the private hospital, Delhi with her 28-year-old male friend, a software engineer, were walking home from cinema. Afterward, they took a public transport to go home and inside the bus has five men from the citys slums, a teenage boy, and a bus driver. Her male friend started suspicious because the bus had to deviate from its usual route and the men locked the bus door. What would happen at next? The men beat her male friend unconscious with a metal rod. Then, the five men raped her for almost an hour. The worst thing was the five men pushed a metal rod inside the lady and her internal organs were severely injury. Her and her friend dumped at the roadside with half naked, they felt cold, unconscious, and psychological trauma. After twelve days, the lady passed away in Singapores Mount Elizabeth Hospital (The Nation, 2013). Another case was happened in Sudan, a girl suffered hunger and struggling for survival and the vulture was waiting at there. At the same time, a photographer took a picture of the girl and he just leaves that girl without intervene to save the girl. The photographer was under criticism for unsuccessfully to help the girl. The photographer was Kevin Carter who won the Pulitzer Prize for his photograph in Sudan (Paech, 2004). The society is getting sick. What is ethical behaviour? How to differentiate between right or wrong and what should or should not the society to do? The peoples perception toward right or wrong are according to the peoples interest not personals interest. However, religions are encourage society to be ethical, behave in proper ways, and free from social influence (Noor, 2008). Therefore, every religious are teaching how society can live in harmony rather than emotional, cruel, fear, aggressive and so on. Nevertheless, a few religious that are encourage society to act violence. The history of Buddhism is free from bloodshed and violence (Dhammananda, n.d.). According to Dhammananda (n.d., p.8) define religious is the Kingdom of heaven is within. If the society follows religious principle, they can live in peaceful and harmony. Religious encourage people willingness to forgive someone and being kind and pleasant to somebody will lead to peaceful and harmony. If society believe religious, they can avoid dehumanization and doing something for someone without hoping to return back. Religious organization can practice a set of power sources to different source of power which are information, expertise, coercion, reward, legitimacy, and reference to influence society in peaceful (Hossain, 2010). Relevant Theories The term religion are positively influence the ethics theories, the religion effect peoples behavior. Moral value is created basically to maximize the happiness of humans, moral actually come from somewhere which perhaps from the nature of human, the agreement between humans or from the God (Heathwood, 2012). Beside, there is other scholar was claimed that the God was the resources of moral principles. The morality only can be understood through the religion, the morality is dependent on the religion (Maja, 2011). The moral value will lead or influence an individuals decision making, the moral intensity will influence the ethical decision making. Moral awareness will lead or influence the individuals to moral action (Lincoln Elizabeth, 2011). On the other hands, the researchers claimed that people who have the more religious will more likely to behave themselve, the people who less religious will less behave themselve, because the greater religious the greater ethical attitudes (Fogel, Mc Sween, Dutt, n.d.).The researchers also claimed that the religious also play an important role in the coporate social responsibility, more religious greater coporate social resposibility and the opposite of it (Fogel et.al.,n.d.). The religion not only affect the ethics in the humans behavior and attitude, its also affect the ethics in the business such as workpalce. The religion was causes the ethics problems in the workplace. Religion issue was cause the discrimination between the employees religions in the companies. This was causes many unfair problems in the workingplace such as the employees punishment, promote on the jobs, decision making and etc activities at workplace (Gregory Daniel, n.d.). Religion was played important role in the humans life, religion is a system of beliefs and practice for humans to respond their feel. The religion also is a knowledge that justify and control the humans attitude and behavior (Kum Teck, 2010). In conclusion, there are a positive relationship between religion and ethics. Other relevant concepts related to the selected topic Religion can be defined as a set of structured that consist of self-belief, culture and world panorama that link the human being behavior to spirituality and moral values (Geertz, 1973). In history, there are different kinds of reasons to create different religions over time that come with different ways. There is a man we often called prophets who believe that he is the person who can contact with the god. He will start telling the human that he know god and start to gain followers and form the religion. They spread the religions and the moral value written in form of words and at the end it became the value of the religion. Moral values and ethics from religion are widely used by people to apply in their life and workplaces. The workings of the world can be illustrated by religion durin

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Architecture without Architects Throughout time, the Roma settlements were perceived as 'the unknown' that might put at risk 'the known'. Therefore they are shoved to the edges of cities, as well as of society we live in. They become the slums we want to get rid of, by reshaping them according to our own expression of living. The examples of designs for Roma settlements were carried out using our techniques and regulations, without recognizing an imminent need for 'different'. The 'different' within a formal Modernist architecture was challenged through the means of various movements that were searching for alternative architectural practices. A relevant example is of the artist-architect Constant Nieuwenhuys, that took an interest in the organization of a Gypsy camp - that later became his first models in a series of maquettes of an utopian city prototype called 'New Babylon' - one shared residence, with moveable elements that allow for an-ever changing layout to respond to the inhabitants' needs; a symbol of temporality and an architecture that would instigate a transformation of daily reality. In this way, the Gypsy camps and the nomadism itself encouraged to explore new extents of architectural practice. Another example is of the architect Georges Candilis who designed a Gypsy settlement at the periphery of the French town of Avignon: "It was a very hard problem. The notion of ownership is entirely different in these people. The houses are inhabited in turn by different families. My design comprised four rings of 20 apartments each, a school and a social/cultural center. In the end, after 20 years without maintenance, these buildings fell to ruins and were torn down." His last statement appeared to reveal the temporality of mo... ...ovide a more pleasing atmosphere for the whole community. The installation at the Venice Biennale, and its later award of the Golden Lion, unveils that the architecture community is ready to contemplate the experience of Torre David, as an opportunity to learn and apply the acquired knowledge into daily practice and understanding. Coming back to the topic of Roma, we are facing the paradox - to focus not on how to reshape Roma habitation according to our way of living, but rather how to learn from them and even apply some of their practices to our formal living. What did seem repulsive or disturbing might turn into positive practical lessons of temporality and change, flexible habitation, recycling and community life. 1 Rory Stott, www.archdaily.com, 07.02.2013 2 Installation by Urban Think Tank, Justin McGuirk and Iwan Baan, Venice Biennale of Architecture 2011/2012

Effects of Mongol Rule

The Mongols ruled China and Russia, yet the effect of their rule in China and Russia, while in some ways similar, was quite different, politically and economically. Genghis Khan, born in the 1770s, was elected khagan (a title of imperial rank) of all Mongol tribes in 1206. Kubilai Khan, Genghis Khan’s grandson, was the commander of the Mongol forces responsible for the conquest of China; he became khagan in 1260. Kubilai Khan founded the Yuan Dynasty. Batu, the ruler of the Golden Horde of the dynasty, another grandson of Genghis Khan, was responsible for the invasion of Russia beginning in 1236. The Mongol rule over China was overbearing, while the Mongol rule over Russia was more disengaged. The political impact of he Mongols was under the rule of Kubilai Khan. They captured China and established the Yuan Dynasty in 1234. The Mongols controlled the Chinese area south of Mongolia. They established direct control over Mongolia, and ruled with a bureaucracy. There was no scholar gentry, no civil service exam, and Confucianism was not used. The Chinese were also not allowed in the government. They also had their hands on the social and cultural policies of China. The Mongol conquest of Russia reduced the Russian princes to tribute-payers. Payments fell heavily on the peasants, who found themselves reduced to serfdom. Until the mid- nineteenth century, serfdom was typical of Russian agricultural labor. Some Russian cities, such as Moscow, recovered their fortunes by the increased trade the Mongol empire permitted. After 1328, Moscow also profited by serving as the tribute collector for the Mongol overlords. The head of the Orthodox Church in Russia selected Moscow as his capital. In 1380, the princes of Moscow turned against the Mongols and led an alliance of Russian forces that defeated the Mongols at the battle of Kulikova. The victory broke the hold of the Mongols on Russia, although the nomads continued to make raids into the fifteenth century. The Mongol conquest of Russia ensured the central position of Moscow and the Orthodox Church, led to changes in Russian military organization, and revised the political concepts of Russian rulers. The period of Mongol dominance also cut Russia off from western Europe both politically and culturally. The conquest of the Muslim heartlands of the Middle East fell to Hulegu, another grandson of Chinggis Khan. In 1258, the Mongols captured and destroyed Baghdad, killing the last of the Abbasid caliphs. The Mongol invasion and the consequent destruction of many cities destroyed the focal points of Islamic culture. Without a central administration, the regional Muslim commanders suffered repeated defeats. Only in 1260 did the Mamluk army of Egypt defeat the Mongols at Ain Jalut. Baibars, the Mamluk general, was able to hold off further Mongol invasions. Lack of unity among the Mongol hordes also caused Hulegu to end his assault on Islamic territories. Economically, the Mongols helped China much more than they did politically. Although china paid a heavy tribute tax to Mongolia, Mongolia renewed trade for China, providing them with long distance trade routes and connections with other civilizations. Their exports included porcelain, silk, teas, textiles, medicine, and luxury items of all sorts. The Mongols rebuilt the Silk Road, a main trade route which the Mongols partially protected. Of course though, trading brought diseases, such as the black plague, which affected population severely. The Mongols stimulated the building of Chinese infrastructure and built new cities such as Xanadu. In essence, although Mongolia had its hand deep into China, they caused China’s prosperity. Mongols did not only destroy the China, but they also helped it prosper and become united under different structure. Tatar influence on Muscovite administrative and military affairs, † was on the basis of the Mongol patterns that the grand ducal system of taxation and army organization was developed [in Muscovy] in the late fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. †Ã‚   For more than 50 years the khans of the Golden Horde exercised full and direct power over taxation and conscription in east Russia. When the Russia princes recovered authority over them, they continued the Mongol systems The division of the Muscovite army into five large units resembled Mongol practice. The Russians adopted the Tatars' tactics of envelopment and  their system of universal conscription. The economic results of the Mongol conquest were mixed. Devastated major cities, especially Kiev lost their importance for centuries. Mongol conscription of craftsmen almost exhausted Russia reservoir of skilled manpower; industry was crippled. Mongol regional governors and khans, however, encouraged the development of Rus trade with both east and west.

An International Marketing Management Commerce Essay

International Marketing Management assignment gave me the chance to larn and research on this interesting subject. I have some cognition already about that how companies enter into new markets and how they capture and attract new markets but this chance helped me to cognize more about how companies go globally with the aid of available different market entry schemes and expand their concerns.Part-1Discuss the normally held belief that there is no individual market entry scheme which is appropriate in all fortunes.Different market entry schemes available throughout the universe depend which state you are. There are different methods and processs geographically, the nature of the concern is besides the chief point and particularly the worth and compatibility between two or more involved parties. The celebrated good known market entry scheme regulations are same globally. Companies ever go for different market schemes to come in to new markets it ‘s non possible to follow the same market entry scheme for all concerns and for all organisations. When any company plans to come in in other abroad market there are assortment of options available for companies but it involves really high costs, hazard and takes long clip to detect and take concluding measure to acquire in. The simplest and the traditional entry scheme is exporting utilizing both ways direct or indirect methods such as agent or an intermediary individual. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fao.org/docrep/w5973e/w5973e0b.htm Further below I have mentioned and explained the market entry schemes which are normally followed by organisations to come in to abroad and international markets. There are following schemes largely used by big, SMEs and fabrication companies which are: Licensing Exporting Foreign Direct Investment Joint Venture & A ; Alliances Franchising Mergers & A ; Acquisition Green Field StrategyGreen Field StrategyA green field scheme is to come in into a new market without the aid of another concern who is already at that place. An acquisition is the antonym of a green field entry.ExportingExporting is described as the selling and the gross revenues of local manufactured goods in abroad which is traditional and good cognize established method to capture abroad markets. The advantage is that in exporting it is non required that the specific merchandise must be produced in the mark state, during exporting no foreign investing is required but the disbursals and costs involves for exporting and holding a good concern is that exporter demands to pass on selling.LicensingThe proprietor of any trade name or the company who holds the rights and they give the permission to utilize rights against money in order to selling those different merchandises to the universe by different parties. These sorts of merchandises are largely intangible and non possible to copy by others because of hallmarks, patents and merchandise techniques. The licensee is the individual who pays to acquire rights of utilizing license rights. Licensing is good for licenser and licensee both earns good net incomes but there is hazard for licenser if the licensee does n't maintain the criterions and good quality controls because this will damage the image of trade name.Joint VentureJoint venture is a celebrated term and we have many illustrations in our practical life. It helps companies to turn like one plus one is equal to three. When same nature of concern articulations and work together it assist a batch and opportunities of positive results addition. The aims involved in joint venture are: Market Entry Risk/Reward Sharing Technology Sharing Joint Product Development Skills & A ; cognition sharing Conforming authorities ordinances Few issues are thinkable before go for joint ventures like ownership, contract length, control, pricing, engineering transportation and resources.Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI )Foreign Direct Investment is investing which you can do straight in any state but different things includes before you go for FDI like regulations & A ; ordinances, permissions, transportation of capital, forces and engineering. FDI can go on with the aid of constitution of the new endeavor or may be through the acquisition of an bing entity. Direct ownership helps to hold a good control in the operations, competitory environment and to better cognize the consumers. A good illustration of FDI is Euro Disney when Walt Disney had a challenge to construct Disney park in Europe they chose the foreign direct investing.Mergers & A ; AcquisitionMerger word merely explains the assemblage of something. Mergers is concern word is when different companies manus shingle and promise to work together called amalgamations. One plus one is equal to three, this sentence is rather celebrated in amalgamations state of affairs. It works to make stockholder value over and above that Sun of the two companies. After unifying the worth of both companies is more valuable than two separate entities. There is somewhat difference between amalgamations and acquisition. When a company takes over other company and go a new proprietor it is called as acquisition and when two companies ‘ merges and work together is called amalgamations. A good illustration of meeting is YouTube amalgamations with google.com.FranchisingFranchising is a method of utilizing successful available concern theoretical accounts. Franchisor gives permission to Franchisee to utilize the rights of that concern theoretical account. With the aid of that theoretical account franchisee sells and markets the merchandises and services. It ‘s more like to hold distribution of specific hallmark and the franchisee pays in return what services and merchandises they use in their concern. Very good illustrations of franchise in today universe are McDonalds, Burger King, KFC, Subway and New York Pizza. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.quickmba.com/strategy/global/marketentry/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.magnetsigns.com/franchising.php hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_entry_strategy hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investopedia.com/university/mergers/mergers1.asp Above mentioned different market entry schemes help different concerns to turn but it depends on the nature and size of the concern besides. This is really of import how large or little is the company and how much it deserving. Different types of houses are: Different types of houses constructions fundamentally used which are called, Small & A ; Medium Enterprises, Manufacturing, Services Based, and Multinational corporations or Global houses.Small and Medium EnterprisesSmall and medium endeavors ( SMEs or Small & A ; Medium Buisness ) are the companies who have limited turnover and below certain bounds. This term is widely used in EU and in international organisations such as UN and WTO. This term is predominately used in USA and Canada. Traditionally in EU it was different and they had their ain definitions bit non they have standardized the construct. e.g.. Companies with less than 10 employees called micro, companies holding employees less than 50 called little and 250 employees as medium.Manufacturing FirmManufacturing house can be from any industry which produces merchandises from natural stuffs utilizing labour land, machines and capital. In other manner fabricating house is a company who assembles goods into finished signifier for terminal users to carry through their demands. Fabrication houses can be automotive, vesture, electronics, furniture, machinery, steel, crude oil merchandises and tools etc. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/manufacturingService Based FirmAny services based house is a concern that provides installations and work attempts for the others and charges them for these services and most of the times the services based houses provides their services harmonizing to contract footings. Netherlands is the really good illustration of supplying services, they supplying their accomplishments and techniques worldwide. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/business-service-firmMultinational CorporationsMultinational Corporation is a house that has its installations, operations and assets in at least one state other than its place state. This type of house has offices and mills in different parts of the universe. One caput office in center of all and from their control and instruct planetary direction. Above I have explained and mentioned besides when its utile to utilize which market entry scheme and for what type of an organisation. But there is something else besides really considerable issue like before come ining to any market demand to mensurate degree of hazards, political hazard, fiscal, civilization factors and geographic distance. Plague is used to mensurate different hazards and larn how its possible to get by that hazards. But I have used a revised version called PESTLE analysis which is more suited in this instance:PESTLE AnalysisPESTLE stands for â€Å" Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental † factors. Its utile tool to understand the state of affairs of any market and larn good before you step in to that market it helps to hold a clear position for your concern. The possible inquiries for any house are: What are the cardinal political factors likely to impact the industry? What are the of import economic factors? What cultural facets are most of import? What technological inventions are likely to happen? What current and at hand statute law may impact the industry? What are the environmental considerations?AAPoliticalCurrent revenue enhancement policy Future revenue enhancement policy The current and future political support Grants, support and enterprises Trade organic structures Consequence of wars or declining dealingss with peculiar statesEconomicOverall economic state of affairs Strength of consumer disbursement Current and future degrees of authorities disbursement Ease of entree to loans Current and future degree of involvement rates, rising prices and unemployment Specific revenue enhancement policies and tendencies Exchange ratesSociologicalDemographics Lifestyle forms and alterations Attitudes towards issues such as instruction, corporate duty and the environment Social mobility Media positions and perceptual experiences Cultural and spiritual differencesTechnologicalRelevant current and future engineering inventions The degree of research support The ways in which consumers make purchases Intellectual belongings rights and right of first publication violations Global communicating technological progresssLegalLegislation in countries such as employment, competition and wellness & A ; safety Future statute law alterations Changes in European jurisprudence Trading policies Regulative organic structuresEnvironmentalThe degree of pollution created by the merchandise or service Recycling considerations Attitudes to the environment from the authorities, media and consumers Current and future environmental legislative alterations hypertext transfer protocol: //www.marketingminefield.co.uk/marketing-plan/pestle-analysis.htmlPart-2Franchising is the common method of come ining services markets abroad. What is the particular attractive force of International franchising to both spouses? What is franchising? Franchising is a signifier of entrepreneurship. Harmonizing to Shane and Hoy ( 1996, p 325 ) there have been surveies about entrepreneurship, but the country of franchising has stayed rather undiscovered. There are many things that make franchising particular compared to other signifiers of entrepreneurship. Franchising can be described as a strategic cooperation between two parts – the franchiser and the franchisee. They are runing under the same company name every bit good as utilizing an indistinguishable concern thought and a concern construct. The franchiser is the chief proprietor of the concern construct and the company name and licences the right of utilizing these further to the franchisee against certain fees and royalties. The franchiser normally has a contract with several franchisees at the same clip. ( Shane and Hoy, 1996, p 325 & A ; 326 ) . Franchising is a popular concern format in the retail concern ( Kaufmann and Dant, 1999, p 11 ) . In 2003, 43 per centum of all franchising activities in Finland took topographic point in retail concern ( see figure 1 on the following page ) . This is 76 per centum of the registered franchising ironss wholly. ( The Finish Franchising Association, 7.7.2006 ) Franchising can be really attractive to franchisees since many franchisi ng companies offer and even necessitate much cooperation along the manner. In comparing to a pure entrepreneurship, with franchising relationship the new franchisee is provided with a complete and tried concern thought, established hallmark and aid with startup. In add-on, the franchisee gets supplier price reductions every bit good as support from experienced subdivision and market experts through a web of other franchisees and company employees. ( Franchisenet, 7.7.2006 ) This said, the franchisee gets multiple competitory advantages compared to pure enterprisers on the concern ( Kaufmann and Dant, 1999, P 1112 ) . For the licensee, the negative side of franchising is that the franchisee is bind to obey the general understanding, which is normally really rigorous. Therefore the franchisee has an highly limited freedom to run. ( Franchisenet, 7.7.2006 ) For the franchisee the relation can be said to be something between a regular payjob and pure entrepreneurship and is frequently a measure in passage from the former to the latter. Franchising is a manner to pattern entrepreneurship. In a franchising relationship the franchisee is the proprietor of his ain concern but is still connected to a bigger organisation and being supervised. It has to be noted, though, that the franchisee is the one bearing the fiscal hazards of the concern. However, since franchising companies normally select their franchisees carefully the hazard for neglecting in this concern is less important than in the pure entrepreneurship. ( Kaufmann and Dant, 1999 ) More information about franchising and franchising chances can be found in following web pages: www.franchiset.net, www.franchising.org and www.franchising.com. Professionals of Franchising, how it helps franchisee to derive capital and how it allows houses to spread out fundamentally utilizing the possible franchisees ain capital.Opportunities of SuccessThe opportunities of success are high when you are holding franchise sort of concern because you do concern of that merchandises and services which are worldwide celebrated, proven and recognized. Its easy to see how successful franchising and this sort of concern are ever expand and turn really fast, franchising usher you through the whole procedure of concern and usher you with their experiences and makes you successful besides by independent concern. In short in franchising the opportunities of success are ever high.Avoid Start up MistakesFranchising helps you and do really easy to star up your franchise, this is truly helpful and salvage you from initial which largely happen when you start new concern. But while franchising the experts already experienced that sort of hurdlings so they k now really good how to salvage your ego from loses and hazard while get downing new concern at new location.Brand AwarenessThis is the large great impact for you when you buy any constituted local, national, international or planetary trade name, you do n't necessitate to make selling battles because people are already cognizant of that brands gustatory sensation and cognize good the value. Franchisee enjoys the name acknowledgment and the big familiar company associated with you.Product and Service AcceptanceFranchise contains standard merchandises and provides the same criterion merchandises to their all franchisees ; due to the extremely established standard the merchandises are extremely acceptable. This is a large benefit of client consciousness which usually takes ling clip to construct this sort of trust for your clients.Mugwump but non entirelyTo be franchise proprietor is a great thing because you do n't necessitate to worry that much, you work hard but on the other manus t he franchisor squad helps you a batch to construct your concern strong. You get fiscal security for your household, earn more money and all is yours after paying other costs. This franchising web reduces your hazard and allows you to bask the success of that clip what you have word hard.Training and SupportFranchisor provides besides different preparation Sessionss and different sort of support at each measure where you face any job. These preparation and support helps to be successful in your concern and salvage you in future signifier dearly-won errors and cut down hazards for you at all degrees.Peer to peer networkingPeer to peer networking give you entree to the web of concern proprietors who are in the same concern and have experienced and sing the state of affairs which you might confront besides. So this networking helps each others how to acquire rid from different difficult times and jobs. Its great advantage and invaluable chance for proprietors.Buying PowerIt involves the economic systems of graduated table the franchisor maintain criterion and purchase merchandises from good known and trusted provider where they can answer they will hold the same gustatory sensation and size of merchandises ever. The franchisor ever have good and high degree relationships with providers and providers besides cares a batch because of holding large purchasers for their merchandises. In the same manner the franchisor provides the good value of goods to their franchises and clients.Ongoing DevelopmentDevelopment in any concern is really of import otherwise companies do n't last for long clip. Better criterions, working conditions ; add new engineerings and accomplishments are really of import. Another advantage for the franchisee is that franchisor provides the costs for these sort of developments and seek their best with the aid of their development squads to procure the hereafter of the concern. It a large support for single and these supports are really supportive a nd sufficient to merchandise development.Fiscal SupportIf fiscal support is needed and you are in concern with a recognized and good cognize franchisor it will assist you to acquire finance really easy. Because the loaners believe that you are linked with a good web concern and they can trust and experience less hazard to impart money if the concern is a portion of the well structured concern theoretical account and system.Company Wide ConnectionsIf you clients demands occupation and you are non able to supply or assist so there are still possibilities to utilize your franchises web and that will assist you to happen the needed demands. They try their best to assist you and happen similar concern for you.Individual Roles with Common GoalsEvery concern major jail is net income if there is non net income than no concern besides. Franchisees aim is to run a profitable concern and grow with seeable alterations and back up the franchisor concern systems and to give more value to trade na me. Oppositely franchisor has to give a healthy leading and clear ends to assist franchisees to turn and protect the trade name. This common apprehension and aid physiques trade name stronger.Deriving a Competitive EdgeBusiness gets competitory border with the aid of sharing resources, accomplishments and cognition.Selling your BusinessFirst there are really few opportunities that a franchisee would wish to sell because they want to lose a fixed sort net incomes and a good concern. But sometimes it happens proprietors came in fiscal job and decided to sell. Whenever you decide to sell a franchise it is attractive and likely to sell really fast at higher monetary value.Working together is Smart and FunWorking together in squads and with common apprehension is great and large merriment besides. Franchise provides people chance and opportunities to run their egos independently. Gives more bravery and experience free to work and utilize their divine ideas. This is because of the big org anisation regulations criterions and good relation of employees. Some disadvantages of franchising and hazard involved for franchisee.To follow a systemAll Franchises have their ain concern theoretical accounts and they operate and require their franchisees besides to follow the the same concern theoretical account in all state of affairs and there is no flexibleness in that instance. If person found pretermiting the regulation and ordinances of that theoretical account they will penalized. The processs, regulations and ordinances vary between franchise concerns.FeesThe franchise is bound to pay for the initial colony and franchise fees, preparation, selling and other costs which incurred during puting up new franchise.Trading AreaBefore you get settled franchises the franchisee provide a feasibleness study and inquire for the permission to hold concern at coveted country or location. If they accept so you can continue farther otherwise you need to subject a new location program.RestrictionsMany limitations involved besides which bound the franchi see to take different actions. Franchisee non allowed to purchase merchandises or services from any station, there is listed and recognized provider which you can utilize to purchase needed merchandises. You can non sell straight your concern you need a permission of franchisor and so you can take farther stairss to sell your concern.ControlsYou need to command on regular bases and the squad of from franchisor is sent on a regular basis besides for controls. If they found any irresponsibility and lack you can be in large job and it non acceptable at any cost because this sort of sloppiness amendss the trade name image and concern. Franchising is spread outing rapidly in developing states besides and it ‘s good to both parties. It provided occupations and the trade names proprietors gaining money and turning their name worldwide. There are some hazards involved besides for investors and the trade name proprietors which I described above. Franchises get engineering, accomplishments and concern transportation in their states and it helps to better state economic system. The local concern attempt to copy that concern theoretical account but they are non allowed to make 100 per centum but still they do it increase competition but still the universe recognised trade names have more penchant among clients that why franchisee take hazard of investing.

Analysis of HSBC Essay Example

Analysis of HSBC Essay Example Analysis of HSBC Essay Analysis of HSBC Essay Every organization must interact with its internal and external environment in its day to day operations. The nature of these interactions to a great extent determines the survival of any organization. That is why every organization has to understand what is going on within and around it. These bring into focus how economic, political, legal, technological, environmental and social forces affect HSBC. While battling with these external forces, there are other internal forces which are inherent in the banking sector that affect HSBC. In view of these, the bank has some competitive advantages which have enabled it to compete favourably with other players in the industry. However, the tool used to scan the environment of HSBC to determine its success within the environment has some limitations. These limitations are equally x- rayed in the work. It is a known fact that every organization must interact with is external environment during the course of their business. Economic factors are basically those factors that relate the organization of money and resources within HSBC especially in terms of the production, distribution and consumption of their financial services. This will be discussed under sub headings like GNP trends, interest rate, money supply, inflation, unemployment, disposable, income. GNP Trends Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a particular year, plus income earned by its citizens (including income of those located abroad, minus income of non resident located in that country). The UK economy grew at its fastest rate for two years in the third quarter of 2006. It grew by 0.7% between July and September. This takes the annual growth rate up to 2.8%. It will further increase following the announcement of 5% interest rate by the Bank of England. This will make borrowing more expensive, and less attractive to investors who would refrain from borrowing for investment purposes. HSBC may probably advance less credit causing its profit to dwindle and shareholders earning would equally be reduced. Money supply This is simply the total amount of money circulating in the economy (Anderton, A. 2006). In the UK, there are two types of money supply which are namely narrow and broad money with narrow money acting as a medium of exchange while broad is narrow plus near monies. Money supply is important because it has a link with inflation. This is illustrated as Velocity * Money supply = real GNP * GNP deflator. In other words, if the quantity of money in circulation grows faster than the real GNP described as unproductive expansion, inflation is most likely to follow. It will affect HSBC because lending becomes very expensive. The bank will lose earnings because activities will be reduced. Interest rate Interest rate is the yearly price charged by a lender to a borrower in order for the borrower to obtain a loan. This is usually expressed as a percentage of the total amount loaned. This rate has enormous consequences on the activities of HSBC. In July 2006, the interest rate was 4.5%, 4.75% in august and now 5.0%. This caused inflation to edge up to 2.5% as against 2.4% in the months before august. The rate at which customers acquired banking services improved tremendously. It is obvious that a fall in the interest rate leads to an increase in investment expenditure whereas a rise in the interest rate leads to a decrease in investment expenditure. This is the direct consequence of the current 5.0% regime. HSBC earnings will be affected because borrowing for investment expenditure will definitely decline. It will choke off economic growth; increase the cost of debt, causing widespread problems for individual. People will overestimate risky investment and reassess risk. The beneficiaries will be savers. Thus, cause people to save. Exchange rate This is the rate at which a countrys currency exchanges with other currencies in the world. The GBP has been relatively stable against the dollar. Exchange rate depreciation does affect HSBC directly or indirectly. It can affect the structure of HSBC assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, and its off balance sheet exposure and non asset based services. It can indirectly affect demand for loans, the extent of the banks competitive edge and other banking condition. It can affect domestic firms, increase credit risk and liquidity risk. Inflation and unemployment Inflation is an increase in the price of a basket of goods and services that is representative of the economy as a whole. Inflationary trends and unemployment do affect HSBC negatively. Employment laws This is a body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which addresses the legal rights of, and restrictions on workers and their organizations. In employment laws, there are issues that affect the smooth operational running of HSBC. These are namely strikes, pickets, boycotts, unofficial industrial actions, trade unions and other members. Their overall effect could be enormous on HSBC and the economy in general. Minimum wage Wages paid out is part of operational cost of HSBC. Recently, the minimum wage in the UK was increased from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.05 to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.35 for adults aged 22 and over. It equally increased for other age categories. The consequences are that the operational cost will be on the increase, efficiency may probably reduce, and the net profit of the bank will decline. This will affect the expectations of the shareholders as dividends will drop On the other hand, employees will have more money for their consumption. It will further cause the countrys productivity level to move up as more goods will be needed. Work and families bill This bill will be birthed soon. It concerns balancing work and good parentage. The law will make it lawful for maternity leave to be extended to nine months. In addition, paternity leave will soon be a reality. It means HSBC will be paying out extra three months salaries for mothers on maternity leave. This extra expenditure is unproductive and reduces HSBC efficiency. Age discrimination The current issue now is age discrimination at work. The bank can not discriminate on age with regard to employment. It is most true that younger people are more productive, proactive, dynamic and resourceful than older people. This law will cause the bank to employ both young and old people. The effect might be that zeal. Dynamism, and approach to work which have established the bank as a leader in Uk may be eroded. Taxation The most contemporary issue is the warming issued by HSBC that it could move its headquarters out of London as a result of huge corporation tax which is at 30% of profit. This is high and outrageous. The percentage compares favourably with other G7 nations e.g. France 34%, Japan 40% but not with other Europeans countries like Ireland at 12.5%. The tax reduces the profits of HSBC. The investors, shareholders of the bank receive lower dividend as a result of the tax. If HSBC pulls out of the UK, which generated which is committed to social services will decline. Moreover, investment will probably be discouraged because investors want ventures where their investment will be maximized. Taxation raises the banks cost of loans which discourage entrepreneurs away from information intensive financing and into unmonitored financing. It reduces the supply of deposits. In banking and financial markets, the technologies have primarily affected the velocity and volume of transactions. Both domestic and foreign transfers and other banking services have surged and the rate at which they are done has increased. This is as a result of emerging technology advances. In online transactions, where one makes a payment using debit and credits, it takes about 48 hours for the payment to be cleared. But, from January 2007, an emerging technology will complete the clearance in just minutes. Government involvement in researches to further develop the sector is another issue. One of the distinct differences between technological innovation in the UK financial service industry and that in foreign nations is the level of government subsidy of technical developments that affect the financial service industry. For example, the smart card, the applications and functions was developed by the French Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (PTT). The government of UK should be more participative. The sector does not encourage obsoleteness due to the nature of the industry combined with the activities of hackers who are out there to ruin the banks. The banks waste disposal and energy consumption contributing to environmental hazards is under control. Their position is threatened by the green law which is in force. Environmental laws affect the bank. Income distribution contributes to the services to be offered by the bank. Higher income redistribution will ensure better businesses and vice versa. The age, income, sex and population has a way of affecting the activities of HSBC. The level of education or enlightenment informs people about the products and services of banks. The level will affect their willingness to transact or not to transact. Competitive Rivalry This describes the intensity of competition between existing firms in an industry. It is true that highly competitive industries generally earn low returns because the cost of competition is high. In the banking industry which is the focus of discussion, competition brings about HSBC offering customers the most attractive combination of performance features, introducing new products, or creating a stronger brand image than competitors like Barclays, TSB Lloyds, RBS, and NatWest etc. The industry is not dominated by two or three banks that are battling to achieve market leader status, and the rules of the game are well established. In this case, the rivalry is not so intense. However, Customers can easily switch between some products. Intense rivalry is likely when customers in the banking industry can easily switch to other banks. In these situations, the banks will be vying for market share. The market for banks is not growing too fast. The banks are unable to grow their market without taking market away from other competing banks. In this situation, rivalry is more likely. There is no exit barrier in the industry which will make rivalry intense. The brand identity brings about intense rivalry as other competing banks will be forced to outperform their rivals by adopting active strategies. Their products are basically the homogenous. This will most likely make rivalry intense.

Social Networks and Marketing

Social Networks and Marketing Introduction Marketing is an integral part of every business since it helps companies to reach their customers. It encompasses all the activities and institutions that facilitate the creation, communication and exchange of offerings that are beneficial to the clients and owners of businesses (Gary, Harker and Kottler 5).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Networks and Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The success of the marketing process depends on the approach or technique used to facilitate it. This means that the approach must be effective in reaching the customers and cost-effective to the company. It is against this backdrop that most firms are shifting from traditional marketing techniques to social network marketing (Ostrow). An analysis of current marketing trends indicates that the application of social networks in marketing is becoming more popular despite their limitations. Background Information on Marketing Meaning of Marketing Marketing is the â€Å"management process that seeks to maximize returns to shareholders by developing relationships with valued customers and creating a competitive advantage† (Gary, Harker and Kottler 7). This means that marketers transform potential customers into actual customers by developing relationships with them. Strong relationships between the marketers and customers facilitate high sales. Thus the shareholders of the business will maximize their returns as sales and profits increase. Marketing also helps in developing the sales strategies and the methods of communicating with the customers. Types of Marketing The commonly used types of marketing include online marketing, offline marketing, outbound marketing, inbound marketing, direct marketing, niche marketing and guerrilla marketing (Gary, Harker and Kottler 35). Online marketing is mainly done through the internet while offline marketing is done through print and e lectronic media. Outbound marketing involves reaching customers who are not actively looking for the product being marketed. It uses techniques such as billboard adverts (Gary, Harker and Kottler 67). Inbound marketing makes use of search engine optimization to help customers find a firm and its products. Direct marketing focuses on delivering the marketing messages directly to the customers. Thus it uses strategies such as â€Å"telemarketing, emails and direct calling† (Gary, Harker and Kottler 71). Niche marketing focuses on reaching a market that is currently not being served by the existing firms. Guerilla marketing uses unconventional marketing approaches to reach customers and create brand awareness.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When to Use Marketing Marketing is used under the following situations. First, it is used to identify the custom ers who are interested in the products being marketed (Gary, Harker and Kottler 45). This is achieved through appropriate market segmentation criteria. Second, it is used to enhance customer satisfaction (Gary, Harker and Kottler 46). The use of appropriate marketing communication channels enables firms to understand customers’ needs in order to offer the right products. Third, marketing is used when a new product is being launched (Gary, Harker and Kottler 48). It helps in creating awareness about the new product. Finally, it helps in retaining customers by helping firms to introduce appropriate customer-centered incentives such as discounts. Background Information on Social Networks Meaning of Social Networks A social network refers to â€Å"a structure consisting of individuals or organizations which are connected through interdependencies such as friendship or common interests† (Direct Marketing Association, U.S 2). Such networks are normally supported by social ne twork services which are usually offered through a website. The social network services provide a platform for creating and developing social networks among individuals with a common interest (Felzensztein and Gimmon 282). They facilitate interaction among their users through effective communication systems such as instant messaging and emails. Thus the users are able to exchange ideas or information on events, products and activities. Types of Social Networks The social networks commonly used in marketing are web-based (Direct Marketing Association, U.S 6). However, they differ in terms of their communication capabilities. Thus it is advisable to assess the ability of a particular network to reach the targeted audience. The common types include Facebook, Twitter, Last.fm, LinkedIn, MySpace, Tagged, Classmates, Mylife, Ning and LiveJournal (Felzensztein and Gimmon 283). Application of Social Networks in Marketing Advertising Advertising involves the use of a particular communication channel to influence potential customers to purchase a given product. The firms using social networks to advertise their products normally post their adverts on the websites that support the social networks (Direct Marketing Association, U.S 10). For example, most firms market their products by posting their adverts on Facebook’s and Twitter’s websites. Any user who visits the websites is thus able to access the adverts instantly (Akar 109). The suitability of a social network in regard to advertising depends on the characteristics of its users.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Networks and Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because social networks are meant for a particular group of people who share a given interest. For example, LinkedIn is mostly used by professionals (Akar 110). Thus it is advisable to post an advert on a social network that is used by potential cons umers of the product. It is also important to asses the popularity of the social network before using it to advertise a given product in order to ensure that it can reach the targeted customers. Introducing a New Product Creating awareness about a given product is one of the priorities of marketers during the launch of a new product. This calls for a market communication channel that can reach as many customers as possible (Gary, Harker and Kottler 23). Besides, the communication channel should be able to provide clear information about the product. Social networks help in introducing a new product by providing an efficient and effective communication channel. The marketers can use several social networks to reach a large number of potential customers at the same time (Akar 113). The social networks are also used by the marketers to obtain customers’ views on the new product. This helps them to modify the product accordingly in order to suit the needs of the customers. Inform ation about Products Social networks help customers to obtain information about a product such as its price or the location of dealers who sell it. Users of social networks are able to engage the marketers in conversations about the product. This is achieved through live chats, emails and direct messages. Some marketers post articles or testimonies about their products on the social networks. Thus the users of the networks are able to find vital information about the products (Akar 114). The users of the networks are also able to share product information and this helps in creating brand awareness (Akar 115). Product information can be stored for a long time on the social networks. Such information can be used by customers for reference at a future date. Media Most social networks support a variety of media that enhance effective communication during marketing. The adverts placed on social networks are usually accompanied by a link that directs the customers to the marketers’ website (Schiff). Consequently, the customers are able to find more information or purchase the product instantly from the marketer’s website (Schiff). The video adverts supported by the social networks not only improve the quality of communication but also help in influencing the attitude of customers towards the product being advertised.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Success of Social Media in Marketing Interaction between People with the Same Interest Most social networks are used by individuals who share a common interest. People with the same interest are likely to purchase the same product. For example, a company that targets the working class or professionals can use LinkedIn. This is because majority of LinkedIn users are professionals and are thus likely to demand similar goods or services. Interactions among individuals with same interest also help in influencing customers’ purchasing patterns (Gilbert). This is because potential customers are likely to purchase a given product if such a product is endorsed by influential members of their social networks (Gilbert). High speed for sharing information The marketing massages sent through social networks normally reach the targeted customers instantly (Boyd and Ellison 434). This is because communication through social networks is based on internet technology. Internet technology faci litates instant transfer of information. Besides, the targeted users can always access the information at their convenience. The high speed of sharing information not only helps the marketers to reach their clients within the shortest time possible, but also enables them to receive immediate feedback from customers (Boyd and Ellison 435). Thus they are able to understand the needs of the customers in order to provide the goods that meet the expectation of the clients at the right time. The marketing process will be successful if the messages reach the customers within the desired timeframe. Constant and Direct Interaction with Customers Social networks facilitate direct interaction between the marketers and the potential customers (Boyd and Ellison 432). The direct interactions enable marketers to develop long-term relationships with their customers. The main benefit of such relationships is that they help in ensuring customer loyalty as the customers and the marketers continue to t rust each other (Schiff). Besides, the marketers can take advantage of the direct interactions to request for referrals from the existing customers. Direct interactions also enable customers to get personalized services such as technical advice during marketing and this enhances product awareness. Thus the marketing process will succeed as marketers strengthen the relationships between them and their customers (Schiff). The referrals also help in increasing the customer base. Wide Range of Customers Marketing through social networks enables companies to reach customers in every part of the world at the same time (Boyd and Ellison 436). Since communication through the social networks is based on internet technology, the marketing messages can be accessed worldwide (Direct Marketing Association, U.S 11). This eliminates the need to use local media in each and every country targeted by the marketers. This increases the marketers’ chances of turning potential customers into actua l customers. The sales volume and market share is likely to increase as the company reaches more potential buyers during marketing (Schiff). Thus social network marketing helps companies to reach a large number of potential customers within a short time and at a relatively low cost (Schiff). Potential Problems Associated with Social Network Marketing Marketing through social networks is associated with the following limitations. First, the ability to reach the targeted customers depends on the popularity of the used social network (Felzensztein and Gimmon 288). Thus if the network is not popular, it will not be effective in reaching the targeted customers. Second, it can only be used to reach customers with computer skills. This is because an individual must have basic skills in operating a computer and using internet technology in order to use the social networks. Third, the use of social networks is also limited by the availability and cost of using computers and the internet tech nology (Direct Marketing Association, U.S 17). In most developing countries, the cost of computers and internet technology is still very high thus limiting the use of social networks. Finally, the rise in cases of fraudulent adverts on social networks has adversely affected the popularity of social network marketing (Direct Marketing Association, U.S 19). In some cases, customers ignore adverts posted on social networks for fear of being defrauded. Possible Solutions to Limitations of Social Network Marketing Marketers can maximize the benefits of social networks by using them to reach customers in markets characterized by widespread use of computers and internet. Availability of computers and internet facilitates the use of social networks thus increasing the marketers’ chances of reaching the targeted customers (Wasserman and Galaskiewicz 23). Firms intending to use social networks should first asses the amount of traffic associated with the networks they intend to use befo re placing their adverts. This will help in selecting the most effective social network to reach the customers. Marketers should also focus on authenticating their adverts through effective security protocols in order to ensure the confidence of their customers (Barnes). Conclusion Marketing helps companies to reach their targeted customers through the most effective and efficient methods. Most companies are currently marketing their products through social networks in order to increase their sales and market share (Ostrow). The benefits associated with marketing through social networks are as follows. First, the marketing messages can reach the targeted customers instantly. Second, it enables companies to reach customers in every part of the world at the same time (Wasserman and Galaskiewicz 25). Finally, it facilitates effective communication and interaction between the marketers and the potential customers. However, its success is limited by the availability and use of computers and internet technology. Consequently, firms intending to use social networks for marketing should asses the customers’ ability to use the networks as well as the popularity of the networks. Akar, Erken. Social Networking Sites as a Type of Virtual Communication Channel. Anadolu University Journal of Social Science 10.2 (May 2010): 107-122. Barnes, Susan. A Privacy Paradox: Social Networking in the United States. Firstminday.org. Firstminday.org, 4 Sept. 2006. Web. Boyd, Danah and Nicole Ellison. Social Network Sites: Definition and History. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communities 13.1 (April 2007): 431-467. Direct Marketing Association, U.S. Social Network Marketing: Present and Future. New York: Direct Marketing Association, 2009. Print. Felzensztein, Christian and Eli Gimmon. Social Networks and Marketing Cooperation in Entrepreneurial Clusters. Journal of International Entrepreneurshiop 7.3 (June 2009): 281-291. Gary, Armstrong, Michael Harker and Philip Kottler. Market ing: an Introduction. New York: Finanacial Times Prentice Hall, 2009. Print. Gilbert, Sarah. Social Network Marketing: What Works? - HBS Working Knowledge. HBS Working Knowledge Faculty Research at Harvard Business School. Harvard Business School, 27 July 2009. Web. Ostrow, Adam. Social Networking Still the #1 Growth Area in Online Marketing. Mashable.com. 12 Jan. 2009. Web. Schiff, Jennifer. Social Network Marketing Meets Small Business. Small Business Computing. Small Business Computing, 6 July 2009. Web. Wasserman, Stanley and Joseph Galaskiewicz. Advanbces in Social Nework Analysis: Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994. Print.

10 Geographic Facts About Easter Island

10 Geographic Facts About Easter Island Easter Island, also called Rapa Nui, is a small island located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean and is considered a special territory of Chile. Easter Island is most famous for its large moai statues that were carved by native peoples between 1250 and 1500. The island is also considered a UNESCO World Heritage Site and much of the islands land belongs to the Rapa Nui National Park. Easter Island has been in the news because many scientists and writers have used it as a metaphor for our planet. Easter Islands native population is believed to have overused its natural resources and collapsed. Some scientists and writers claim that global climate change and resource exploitation may lead to the planet collapsing as did the population on Easter Island. These claims, however, are highly disputed. Interesting Facts The following is a list of the 10 most important geographic facts to know about Easter Island: Although scientists do not know for sure, many claim that human habitation of Easter Island began around 700-1100 C.E. Almost immediately upon its initial settlement, the population of Easter Island began to grow and the islands inhabitants (Rapanui) began to build houses and moai statues. The moai are believed to represent status symbols of the different Easter Island tribes.Because of Easter Islands small size of only 63 square miles (164 sq km), it quickly became overpopulated and its resources were rapidly depleted. When Europeans arrived on Easter Island between the late 1700s and early 1800s, it was reported that the moai were knocked down and the island seemed to have been a recent war site.Constant warfare between tribes, a lack of supplies and resources, disease, invasive species and the opening of the island to foreign slave trade eventually led to Easter Islands collapse by the 1860s.In 1888, Easter Island was annexed by Chile. Use of the island by Chile varied, but during the 1900s it was a sheep farm and was managed by the Chilean Navy. In 1966, the entire island was opened to the public and the remaining Rapanui people became citizens of Chile. As of 2009, Easter Island had a population of 4,781. The official languages of the island are Spanish and Rapa Nui, while the main ethnic groups are Rapanui, European and Amerindian.Because of its archaeological remains and its ability to help scientists study early human societies, Easter Island became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995.Although it is still inhabited by humans, Easter Island is one of the worlds most isolated islands. It is approximately 2,180 miles (3,510 km) west of Chile. Easter Island is also relatively small and has a maximum altitude of only 1,663 feet (507 meters). Easter Island also has no permanent source of freshwater.Easter Islands climate is considered subtropical maritime. It has mild winters and year-round cool temperatures and abundant precipitation. The lowest average July temperature on Easter Island is around 64 F (18 C) while its highest temperatures are in February and average about 82 F (28 C).Like many Pacific Islands, the physical landscape of Easter Island is dominated by volcanic topography and it was formed geologically by three extinct volcanoes. Easter Island is considered a distinct eco-region by ecologists. At the time of its initial colonization, the island is believed to have been dominated by large broadleaf forests and palm. Today, however, Easter Island has very few trees and is mainly covered with grasses and shrubs. Sources Diamond, Jared. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Penguin Books: New York, New York.Easter Island. (March 13, 2010). Wikipedia.Rapa Nui National Park. (March 14, 2010). UNESCO World Heritage.

Should Children with Special Needs be mainstreamed into Regular Essay

Should Children with Special Needs be mainstreamed into Regular Classrooms - Essay Example e similar to natural hyperactivity but in greater degrees, to the extent of creating a real handicap for children in performing their day-to-day activities .†( p-9).Because certain similarities in hyperactivity exist in a normal child and a child with ADHD some people hold the view that ADHD can be handled with behavior therapies and other psychological counseling. In SEN magazine, a magazine for special education needs, there is a question put up to Dr.Christine Merrell (a member of National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence- NICE) whether she views ADHD as not a medical condition but children behaving badly. She clarifies that it is not caused by â€Å"bad parenting† as is considered in one of the many myths regarding ADHD but â€Å"ADHD is a real disorder with real consequences for the child affected and their family and not simply a case of bad behavior† and if ignored â€Å"can have serious implications for the child in later life.†(23 Aug 2009). Dr.Merrell suggests drug treatment for children with ADHD which should be a part of comprehensive treatment plan that includes psychological, behavioural and educational advice and interventions. In the book â€Å"Teaching Young Children with ADHD†, there is an explanation of the role of neurotransmitters – dopamine and norepinephrine – in ADHD and how the medicines for ADHD act on them. There is a quotation in this book from Garber, Garber, and Spizman’s â€Å"Beyond Ritalin (1996) –â€Å"Learning occurs after an electrical impulse produced by a stimulus is transmitted and moves across a neuron- synaptic course several times. If in ADHD these neural bridges are blocked or incomplete, whatever is being learned does not become automatic.† The medicines of ADHD regulate norepinephrine and dopamine levels thereby improving brain function and self-control which directly help in academics. In children with ADHD, there is a lack of math and reading ability and fine motor skills which prove to be